Karteikarten
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- 1Key terms: (1) What is a NATURAL HAZARD? (2) What is an EXTREME EVENT? (3) What is a DISASTER?Key terms:
Answers:
(1) A natural hazard is a natural event which could potentially be dangerous.
(2) An extreme event is simply an unusual event; it does not necessarily cause harm.
(3) A disaster is an event that does cause harm in significant amounts. - 2What is a convection current?A convection current is: Rock (the mantle) is heated by the inner core and rises up to the crust. Once it reaches the crust it cools and sinks back down again. It repeats this process.
- 3Label the different parts of the earth.
- 4What is a divergent plate boundary?When the plates are pulled apart by the convection currents. Liquid rock (magma) rises between the plates. It hardens to form a new ocean floor of basalt. Ocean floor gets wider by about 2cm a year.
- 5What is a convergent (ocean and land) plate boundary?The oceanic crust is heavier and because of this it gets pushed under the lighter land crust. The rock jolts and grinds it way down causing earthquakes. It also heats up the rock which melts and forces its way up to form a volcano.
- 6What is a convergent (land and land) plate boundary?The crust gets pushed upwards and forms a mountain range. The movement causes earthquakes, though no rock is pushed down and melted so no volcanoes.
- 7What is a transform plate boundary?Parts of the plates get stuck as they grind past each other, they then lurch free releasing lots of energy causing earthquakes.
- 8Label the volcano.
- 9Volcanic hazards: Gases- What is it? What impacts can it have?Gases are a selection of Co2, H2o, sulphur, fluorine and chlorine which are given off during an explosion. Released through 'fumaroles' (small vents.) They form acid clouds, make the air dangerous to breathe, destroys plant life and corrodes metal. Even suffocate people.
- 10Volcanic hazard: Lava- What is it? What impacts can it have?It's the liquid that flows above the ground during an explosion. It's the name given to magma once it erupts. They destroy buildings and crops, they also disturb traffic.
- 11Volcanic hazards: Pyroclastic flow- What is it? What impacts can it have?A scorching cloud of gas, ash and rocks that race along the ground at 65mph. Can also form when part of the volcano collapses. Incinerates everything in it's path, buries ruins under meters of rubble.
- 12Volcanic hazards: Lahars- What is it? What impacts can it have?Also known as mudflows. Mix of water and volcanic ash. Flows are a thick liquid that sets hard, like cement. Buries whole towns in minutes. Can erode deep valleys and kill people.
- 13Volcanic hazards: Ash- What is it? What impacts can it have?Small grains of rock from magma being blown into pieces during eruptions. Coats everything, killing plant life and contaminating water and soil. Makes driving hard, roads slippery, clogs jet engines, scratches windows, causes breathing problems, lung disease and is hard to see through.
- 14Name the reasons why people would live near natural hazards?1.The broken down rock of eruptions is some of the most fertile soil. 2.Uses the heat the volcanoes create to heat their homes etc. 3. Tourism, people who have businesses linked to tourism will get high incomes. 4. Valuable raw materials are found in volcanoes. 5. Can't afford to move.
- 15Japan, 2011: Why did the earthquake happen?Located at the edge of the North American plate is Japan. The oceanic pacific plate sinks under the North American pate. The process is not a smooth one, the plates stick and both tension and friction build up. When the pressure is released the plates move rapidly and energy is released.
- 16Japan, 2011: What caused the tsunami?1. An earthquake occurred out at sea. 2. A tsunami forms when energy from the earthquake vertically jolts the seabed by several meters, displacing hundreds of cubic kilometres of water. 3. Large waves begin moving through the ocean from the epicentre of the earthquake.
- 17What is sustainability?1.Everlasting.
2. Does not harm the environment.
3. Works with the community (social).
4. Affordable (economic).
5. Effective. - 18Japan's preparation and responses to earthquakes: Defences- 40% of the coastline has a tsunami wall. Positives/negatives and is it sustainable?Positives: Also protects from typhoons/storm surges.
Negatives: Doesn't last forever, costly, not appealing, will it work every time.
1. No, only lasts 100 years approx. 2. No/yes. 3. No, not appealing. 4. No, to costly. 5. Yes/no, might not work. - 19Japan's preparation and responses to earthquakes: Education-Every year on the 1st of September Japan has an earthquake/emergency drill. Positives/negatives and is it sustainable?Positives: Saves lives, prevents people from doing stupid stuff. -Keeps people calm.
Negatives: Doesn't stop the impact, older generation might not be able to get outside fast enough, or duck under tables.
1. Yes, you remember it. 2. Yes, doesn't effect it. 3. Yes. 4. Yes. 5. Yes/no, reduces death toll, but doesn't stop the hazard. - 20Japan's preparation and responses to earthquakes: Building design- Foundations deep in the ground, rubber shock absorbers, steel frames which can sway. Positives/negatives and is it sustainable?Positives: Doesn't fall down, doesn't need to be replaced every earthquake, no harm to the environment.
Negatives: Costly, doesn't last forever, will rust, not everyone can afford it.
1. No. 2. No. 3. Yes. 4. No, costs too much. 5. Yes withstands earthquakes (but not all other hazards.) - 21Japan's preparation and responses to earthquakes: Prediction/monitor- Japan monitors earthquakes with seismographs. Positives/negatives and is it sustainable?Positives: Gives 20 minutes to evacuate before tsunami.
Negatives: Can't predict an earthquake.
1. Yes, lasts long. 2. Yes. 3. Yes. 4. Yes, doesn't cost a lot. 5. No, can't predict an earthquake. - 22Japan's preparation and responses to earthquakes: Preparation- Making your house earthquake proof, earthquake box: tinned food etc. Positives/negatives and is it sustainable?Positives: Don't need to rely on emergency services.
Negatives: Doesn't stop your house from falling down.
1. Yes. 2. Yes. 3. Yes. 4.Yes. 5. Yes. - 23What was the... - Death toll. -Missing - How many evacuated.Death toll: 12,431 (most drowned).
Missing: 15,153.
Evacuated: 163,000 people were in shelters. 300,000 still living in shelters. - 24What happened with the nuclear power plant?Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, after it suffered a level 7 nuclear meltdown because of the tsunami. About 300 tons of nuclear waste continues to leak into the pacific ocean everyday. Many of the country's power plants remain closed because of stricter seismic safety standards.
- 25Answer: How many homes went without... a) electricity. b) watera) 164,059
b) 170,000 - 26How many homes were washed away, destroyed or burnt?46,027 minimum.
- 27What was the economic damage?Damage cost 16-25 trillion yen. Includes, factories, roads, homes and other infrastructures. Excludes, damage to nuclear power plant, lost economy power from power outages and impact of financial markets and businesses sentiment.
- 28Name some other facts on... a) economic damage? b) earthquake and tsunami?a) Japans reconstruction spending exceeds that of the 1995 earthquake in Kobe. Top estimate would make it the worlds costliest natural disaster.
b) The earth moved on it's axis by redusturbing mass. The day was shortened by a microsecond. Afterwards, the country reviled a new upgraded tsunami warning system.
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von pippatombs am 12/10/2014.
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