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Oceanography Midterm 1

Veronika Maez Englisch 120 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (120)

  1. 1How old is the earthabout 4.5-4.6 billion years old
  2. 2How do we know how old the earth is?Using Radiocarbon dating
    Radioactive isotopes will convert to other isotopes (daughter) over time. Decay at a set rate.
  3. 3How do we use earthquakes to understand the internal structure of the earthBy understanding that P-waves can travel through solid liquid and gas and that S-waves can only travel through solids. You can track where the waves are found on the other side of the earth. P-waves will be refracted through the liquid core. S-waves shadow zone will be larger
  4. 4Why do we have two models for the internal structure of the globethe first model is based on composition. The second model is based on physical properties, like rigidity, (glass breaks, play doh molds and folds)
  5. 5Model one of earthcrust
    mantle
    core (outer and inner)
  6. 6Model two of earthLithosphere(rigid)
    Asthenosphere(soft slowly flowing)
    Mesosphere (solid)
    Outer core (Viscous liquid)
    Inner core (solid, high density)
  7. 7What is the difference between oceanic crust and continental crustOceanic crust- high in density, igneous rock (basalt), Relatively thin
    Continental crust- low density, igneous rock (granite) thick
  8. 8Why are ocean basins underlain by basalt crustBecause the ocean crust is more dense and thinner than the continental crust. So it will sit lower in the mantle than the continental crust.
  9. 9What creates seasons on earth?The tilting of the earth. As it spins around the sun (one year) the poles are either tilted towards the sun (summer) or away from the sun (winter)
  10. 10difference between the latitude and longitudeLatitude- run horizontally along the earth from north to south
    Longitude- run vertically along the earth from west to east.
  11. 11define atom, atomic number, atomic weight, periodic tableAtom- Organized group of fundamental particle
    Atomic number- number of protons
    Atomic weight- mass of atoms, relative abundance of isotopes
    periodic table- Table that list the known elements
  12. 12Define the MOhoLayer in the earth the separates the mantle from the crust.
  13. 13Define lithosphereRigid outer layer of earth, solid
  14. 14Define Asthenospheresoft plastic layer of the earth (2nd) slowly flowing
  15. 15Define MesosphereStiff plastic, third layer of the earth. More solid because of increases pressure. Still moves
  16. 16Define outer coreLiquid, magnetic field is generated
  17. 17Define inner coreSolid, high density (5th layer)
  18. 18Define refractionthe bending or deflecting of a wave upon contact the interface between two different mediums. When the wave hits at an angle, the wave will be bent (depending upon density change)
  19. 19Define p-wavesCompressional waves
    can pass through solid, liquid, gas
  20. 20define s-wavesShear waves, can only pass through solids,
  21. 21Define surface wavesthe vibrations that form when energy is released through the earth
  22. 22Define Surface wavesThe waves of an earthquake that travel over the earth's surface. (cause the most property damage)
  23. 23List 4 theories of plate tectonics.The "fit" of the continents
    fossil distribution
    matching rock units
    glaciation deposit over continents
  24. 24compare/ contrast three types of convergent plate boundariesOcean continent- An ocean plate(denser) is forced beneath (subducted) below the continental plate
    Associated with volcanoes and mountains. (strongest earthquakes on Earth)
    Formation of oceanic trenches
  25. 25compare/ contrast three types of convergent plate boundariesOcean-ocean convergence- older, cooler, and denser plate is subducted below the other deepest ocean trenches
    curving chaing of volcanic island, and seamounts (island arc)
  26. 26compare/ contrast three types of convergent plate boundariesContinent-continent: Subduction has ended and the lithosphere of both plates is being compressed and uplifted to form mountains.
  27. 27Why is the lithosphere thicker away from the spreading centerBecause the plates are being compressed
  28. 28Why do Island Arc's form why?Because of ocean-ocean convergence, when the subducted plate melts by magma, it is pushed upwards, which is less dense then the non-subducting plate.
  29. 29Why is the Atlantic Ocean growing Why is the Pacific ocean shrinkingBecause the Atlantic ocean has a divergent plate that is spreading outwards in the middle and the Pacific plate is moving North West is
  30. 30Where would you find the youngest oceanic crustwhere there is a divergent boundary. New oceanic crust is formed as magma rises through the crust.
  31. 31Why is the oldest oceanic crust on ~280 million years old?Because the ocean crust is denser than continental crust, and is pushed beneath the continental crust.
  32. 32How was the Hawaii island chain formeda chain of volcanic islands, and seamounts that extend away from a mantle plume. So a volcano forms, and the seafloor moves away from the plume and the volcano goes extinct as it moves away from the plume, but the island remains.
  33. 33How many oceans are there5 ocean basins
    pacific (west of US)
    indian (Between Africa and Australia)
    atlantic (Between S.A and Africa)
    southern (encompasses Antarctica)
    artic (Northern most ocean)
  34. 34On average how deep is the ocean?mean depth is 4000 meters
  35. 35What are the layers of the water columnEpipelagic 0-200m
    mesopelagic
    bathypelagic
    abyssopelagic
    hadal-pelagic >6000m
  36. 36What is the difference between the Benthic and the Pelagic environmentsThe benthic environment is the seafloor and the pelagic is the water column
  37. 37How do we map the depth of the oceanEcho sounder/ multi-beam: Using sound to "ping" sound off the sea floor and back to the boat. Uses the amount of time it takes for the sound to return the pulse
  38. 38describe the differences between active and passive continental marginsActive continental margins occur on plate boundary
    Passive does not happen at a plate boundary
  39. 39Is the US East Cost passive or active marginPassive margin, it is not located on a plate boundary
  40. 40Name a few oceanic ridges and rises found in the oceanEast Pacific Rise
    Mid-Atlantic Ridge
    Juan de Fuca Ridge
    Island Ridge
    Mid-Indian Ridge
  41. 41Define Littoral zone and sublittoral zoneLittoral zone is the intertidal zone
    Sublittoral zone is the splash zone
  42. 42Turbidity CurrentsMoving flows of sediment and water
  43. 43Hypsographic CurveThe graph of ocean depth and land elevation versus earth's area.
  44. 44What is the Wentworth scaleis the scale for grain size classification of sediments in the ocean. (1922)
  45. 45Where are Neritic sediments found?on the continental shelf, often coarse-grained terrigenous (derived from preexisting rock)sediments
  46. 46list 4 different types of sediment based on sourcelithogenous: formed from rocks and land cover about 45% of ocean floor
    biogenous: derived from living organisms "ooze" is a sediment that contains >30% biogenous material
    hydrogenous: formed by minerals precipitated directly from sea water
    cosmogenic extraterrestrial in origin (meteorites)
  47. 47List 5 factors that control distribution of sediment types in the oceanRivers, wind, glacial ice, coastal erosion
  48. 48What is the lysocline? What is the CCD?Lysocline: The depth which the carbonate dissolution begins
    CCD: is the depth where the carbonate input is the same as dissolution
  49. 49Why does the Atlantic ocean accumulate more carbonate sediment than the Pacific OceanBecause the Atlantic ocean has the Mid-Atlantic ridge, and carbonate sediment occurs on the "Rise" in the ocean.
  50. 50In the past ~20 thousand years ago sediments in the North Pacific had lots of carbonate. What does that tell you about the CCD?It tells us that the CCD was deeper in the Pacific than it normally would be, meaning there was more organic material being produced
  51. 51What is a sedimentUnconsolidated particles both abiotic and biogenic(pre-existing rocks) in origin.
  52. 52How do you study marine sediments?Seismic imaging: just looking (no sample)
    Dredging and grab sampling: Just the surface. See what is at the seafloor
    Sediment coring and drill coring: Taking an undisturbed sample of the seafloor.
  53. 53Why won't you find sand boulder, or rock in the middle of the ocean.The coarser something is
    the less likely it will to be
    carried around.
  54. 54what are neritic sediments?Sediments that have a very fast accumulation (10's of 1000's of cm's per 1000 years)
  55. 55What is sedimentation rates?How fast that sediments are accumulated
  56. 56what are hemi-pelagic sediments?Mix of neritic and pelagic sediments
    fine grained
    Moved by turbidities currents
    found on the continental shelf
  57. 57What are pelagic sedimentsFound in the deep ocean
    made up of a variety of sources T,B,H,C) Sedimentation rate is very slow
  58. 58What is Aeolian dust?Red clays that are deposited by wind, and are derived from deserts.
  59. 59What are the two main types of components that form biogenous sediments?Siliceous material: Diatoms (single celled plants that have a "shell" made of silica. they photosynthesis)
    calcareous material: coccolithophorids (single celled plants that have a calcium carbonate shell)
  60. 60What are other types of biogenic materialsCoral, coarse shell debris, fish bones, shark teeth (very uncommon to find any of these)
  61. 61What are the unique physical and chemical properties of water?The atomic mass of water is 18
    Water has high latent heats of melting and vaporizing. melting point (0 degrees celsius) boiling point (100 degree celsius)
    Ice is less dense than water
    pure water is nearly incompressible
    very good solvent
  62. 62What is latent heatTotal kinetic energy needed to change the state of anything
  63. 63What happens when you add salt to freshwater?the polar water molecules isolate the salt ions.
  64. 64How does the unique properties of seawater influence the real world?IDK
  65. 65why does light Attenuated faster in coastal areas vs. open oceanBecause coastal water has more particles, and are very productive and have a lot of biological organisms
    In the ocean you get light a lot deeper because of how clear the water is
  66. 66What color of light (red or blue) penetrates deepest into the ocean?Blue light penetrates the deepest in the ocean.
  67. 67what is Albedo?How reflective is the surface
  68. 68What is the SOFAR channelthe SOFAR channel is the sound fixing and ranging channel. Combination of sound decreasing as temp. and pressure increases, means that the speed of sound reaches a min. at 1000m water.
  69. 69why does sound not leave SOFAR channelThe sound waves gets refract in the channel and will get refracted above or below that channel.
  70. 70What is anion?Anion is a negatively charged ion
  71. 71what is the PAR sensorThe PAR sensor is photosynthetically active radiation, which is looks at wave lengths of radiation important to photosynthetic organisms.
  72. 72What is the Sechhi depth disk?simply a plate with segments marked with white and black, attached to a rope marked off with distances. slowly drop into the ocean and when you can barely see the disk and mark it down. then you keep going down, then come back up, when you barely see the disk again you mark that number down, and then take an average and that is the sechhi depth
  73. 73What is salinitytotal mass of dissolved salt per unit mass of water
  74. 74what are the 2 main drivers of the salinity variations in the ocean?evaporation and precipitation
  75. 75what are the major salt constituents in the ocean (in order of %)Chloride 55%
    Sodium 30%
    sulfate 7.7%
    magnesium 3.68%
    Calcium 1.17%
    Potassium 1.10%
  76. 76How do we measure salinity?salinity is unit-less, but you can determine salinity by measuring chlorinity and then calculate the salinity. Or measure the conductivity
  77. 77What are the equations for photosynthesis and respiration?Photosynthesis
    CO2+H2O -> CH2O+O2
    <- Respiration
  78. 78What impacts gas solubility and how?increases with decreasing temperature and salinity but increasing pressure
  79. 79What happens to CO2 when it is put in the ocean?Co2 is then turned into oxygen through photosynthesis
  80. 80What is a conservative elementamounts vary little of time, because few processes remove them from seawater. chlorine
  81. 81what is a non-conservative elementAmounts vary because processes affect them. Iron.
  82. 82Would a nutrient-type element have a higher concentration in the surface ocean or the deep ocean? whyIt would have a higher concentration in deep water because at the surface they are taken up by biology and at depths they are released by remineralization.
  83. 83What are the dominant gases in the atmosphere?Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, and Argon .93%
  84. 84How do long and short wave radiation impact the total thermal budget of the planet?the short wave lengths is the input of the radiation and about 30% and the long wave are the output and about 70% The input and output needs to be balanced in order the temp to not increase or decrease to much
  85. 85What are the important gases in the atmosphere?Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide
  86. 86What is the greenhouse effect?It is the long wavelength radiation that gets trapped in the atmosphere and reflected back to earth.
  87. 87What causes the seasons?The tilt of the earth on it's axis.
  88. 88Where on the planet does the atmospheric circulation look most similar to the hypothetical case? why?Between 0 and 30 degrees north and south.
  89. 89Why does it rain a lot more on one side of a mountain range than the otherBecause the clouds are forced up and the clouds precipitate before getting to the other side of the mountain (rain shadow effect)
  90. 90What are hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones?All tropical storms with sustained winds above 120km
  91. 91The trade winds are located between what latitudes?Between 0 degrees and 30 degrees north and south
  92. 92what 3 forces create large-scale circulation gyres in the world oceans?the zonal wind, the trade winds, and the Westerlies
  93. 93Name the 5 major ocean gyresIndian Ocean Gyre
    North Pacific Gyre
    South Pacific Gyre
    N. Atlantic Gyre
    S. Atlantic Gyre
  94. 94Explain the Ekman Transport, and why it exists?Is the mean flow of direction of the water, which is 90 degrees to the wind direction. It exists because of the Coriolis effect (the apparent deflection of something moving, due to the rotation of the earth
  95. 95Why do eastern and western boundary currents differ?Western boundary currents are narrow deep and fast (carry warm water) toward the poles
    Eastern boundary are broad shallow, and carry cold water to the equator
  96. 96Why is primary productivity so high off the Oregon coast from April to SeptemberBecause upwelling transports cold nutrient-rich subsurface water. The nutrients stimulate phytoplankton blooms
  97. 97Where is one place in the ocean where we observe permanent upwellingThe Pacific Ocean near the equator
  98. 98Why do water masses sink, and how do you alter the masses to change the rate they sinkThey sink because they become cold enough and salty enough (i.e. dense) enough to sink
  99. 99What is the meridional Overturning Circulation? Where do you find the oldest ocean water?Oceans conveyor belt. It moves water from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific, it takes about a thousand years to circulate and the oldest ocean is the North Pacific
  100. 100What are some clines?Thermocline is the layer where there is a rapid change in water temp. and depth.
    Halocline is the rapid change in salinity to a depth of 1000m
  101. 101What is the surface mixed layer?Is the layer that is relatively high temp due to solar heating and mixing by wind and waves
  102. 102What is Permanent thermocline?the thermocline that does not change based on the seasons.
  103. 103What deep water is formed in the Weddell Sea?Antarctic bottom water
  104. 104Why is deep water not currently formed in the North PacificStable water column in the NP. All of the precipitation, keeps the salinity down
  105. 105Can you draw a diagram of a wave and its parts?Wave crest- highest point
    wave trough- lowest point
    wave height- vertical distance between crest and trough
    wave length- horizontal distance between crest and trough
  106. 106What generates ocean waves?wind, earthquakes or gravitational pull of the sun and moon
  107. 107Assuming the same wind intensity and duration would you expect larger waves in the Pacific or Mediterranean sea?Pacific Ocean because of the pycnocline in the Mediterranean sea, there is no barriers for the fetch.
  108. 108What is the resorting forces for wavesforces responsible for returning the water surface to an undisturbed state. (gravity and surface tension)
  109. 109What controls the speed of a deep-water wave?depends on wave length, the longer the wave length the faster the wave.
  110. 110How do rogue and sneaker waves form?Form because of constructive wave interference (two waves adding together)
  111. 111What type of wave is a tsunami?Shallow water waves
  112. 112Why does a wave change direction as it approaches a coastline that has a headland?Because the wave feels the bottom of the ocean on either side of the headland and the crest of the wave wraps around the headland
  113. 113Why are most DART Bouy's located in the Pacific and not the Atlantic Ocean?The Atlantic ocean has the mid-Atlantic ridge where earthquakes happen, not associated with vertical movement of the sea floor. The pacific has the convergent plate boundaries, where the plates are subducting (very intense earthquakes)
  114. 114What causes tides?Tides are caused by Gravitational attraction (force of attraction that two bodies exert on one another due to mass) proportional to mass
    Centrifugal force (the tendency of moving object to continue moving in a straight line
  115. 115Why do we get spring and neap tides?Spring tides occur because every month there are 2 periods where the moon and sun are aligned and the bulges constructive interference
    Neap tides happen when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other and their bulges destructively interfere and produce a small tidal range
  116. 116Why don't tides happen at the same time every dayThe moon is orbiting in the same direction as the earth is rotating
  117. 117If there are 2 high tides 2 low tides everyday what type of tide is it?The type of tide is semidiurnal tide
  118. 118What is an amphidrome point and how does it impact tidal propagation around the oceans?The anphidrome is the central point or node that the cotidal lines rotate, you will get a counterclockwise circulation of the tide wave from W S E N
  119. 119What is a tidal bore?A tidal bore is a high-tide crest that advances up an estuary or river as a breaking wave
  120. 120Why are storm surges so dangerous?Storm surges are so dangerous because they are unpredictable and can cause a lot of damage because of the surge of water.

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Karteikarten am Oceanography Midterm 1, erstellt von Veronika Maez am 16/10/2018.
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