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Final Exam flashcards 2
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- 1Kingswood Training school (intervention school) ran an experiment where they allocated 280 boys to 1 of 3 houses. House A had 'ineligible' boys, house B had a therapeautic approach and house C had a business as usual, control approach with adult directed interventions. what were the findings and implications?results: no differences between experimental and control in terms of re-conviction - both at same rates
implications: sharing responsibility doesn't work, may as well keep using adult-directed interventions
BUT what if people just do the wrong thing because they have an opportunity. kingswood didn't block OPPORTUNITY. - 2the situational perspective on crime is that, given the opportunity, there will always be people who commit crime. the best prevention is to alter situations - situational crime prevention (preventative measures) and Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). what are the 3 main goals of situational crime prevention?increase the effort of committing a crime
increase the risks of committing a crime
decrease the rewards of committing a crime - 3when engaging in situational crime displacement, there is a common question of: does time displace? this can be temporally (changing time of crime), tactically (changing the way crime is done), spatially (moving the criminal event), w targets (e.g. stealing tvs to phones), crime type or perpatratorhowever, it's possible to have detterence without displacement
- 4routine activities theory aimed to find out why certain people or places become targets or victims. IN EXAM -for a cerime to occur, what 3 things must converge?a likely offender
a suitable target
the absence of a capable guardian
nowadays system is updated, so you need an absence of a manager for a place, an absence of a handler for the offender and an absence of a guardian for target - 5high speed pursuits have a possibility of securing both specific and general deterrence. but they aren't always successful and people can get killed. what can be used instead?trackers on cars
goes back to increased security helping with a crime drop - 6what is an integrated theory?a theory that uses a combination of factors from other theories to explain a phenomena. it has an underlying belief that theories do not need to be contradictory, and takes a 'different road map' to the outcome.
- 7Elliot's integrated theory of delinquency and drug use believes that Strain (caused by goal failure) and your social bonds (control) and your social learning can all combine to cause delinquent drug usethis happens because these three factors cause weak conventional bonding. strain and weak conventional bonding can also cause strong delinquent bonding. any of these bondings can cause deviance
- 8there are four ways to integrate theories. what are theyend to end
side by side
up and down
cross-level - 9There are four ways to integrate theories: end-to-end, side by side, up and down and cross level. what are the characteristics of end to end theories?theory 1 -> theory 2 -> outcome
the order is important. theory 1 influences theory 2, but theory 2 is still a mediator to the outcome - 10There are four ways to integrate theories: end-to-end, side by side, up and down and cross level. what are the characteristics of side by side theories?the pathways are broken down into categories, with different theories that run alongside each other. Each is accurate DEPENDING on the criminal/activity. For example, moffet's dual taxonomy
- 11There are four ways to integrate theories: end-to-end, side by side, up and down and cross level. what are the TWO DIFFERENT characteristics of up and down theory integration1. reduction. theory A also encompasses what's in theory B
2. synthesis. bits of theory a and theory b are mixed in with some original thought to create theory c. This is harder to do but when it works, it's a big advancement - 12There are four ways to integrate theories: end-to-end, side by side, up and down and cross level. what are the characteristics of cross-level theory integration?This covers many levels (individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem), and can cross many disciplines (psychology, biology, sociology, etc)
- 13There is a strong debate over whether or not we should be integrating theories. what are some of the points FOR using theory integration?- the factors of theories are what's important, not the theories themselves
- stand alone theories are too restrictive or outdated
- the causes of crime are complex
- it's good to have less theories with a larger explanatory power - 14There is a strong debate over whether or not we should be integrating theories. what are some of the points AGAINST using theory integration?- we should reduce theories through falsification - testing and verifying
- some theories are incompatible and have directly opposing veiws
- are integrated theories new theories or not? - 15Briefly describe brainwaithe's re-integrative shame theoryIf we stigmatize people for committing a crime, they can learn to identify with that label more, and it will not desist crime
if we give them REINTEGRATIVE shaming, where we open the door for forgiveness, then bonds are maintained and strengthened and they are more likely to desist
so, shame is important but only with a level of high reintegration - 16According to brainwaithe's reintegrative shaming theory, what are the components of reintegrative shaming?1. respect and empathy
2. disapprove the act, not the person
3. delivered in the context of general social approval (poor performance but respet for the performer)
4. genuine remorse from the offender
5. disapproval is expressed, followed by gestures of moving on - 17According to brainwaithe's reintegrative shaming theory, what are the components of stigmatizing shaming?1. disrespect, disapproval, humiliation
2. shaming a person
3. only clarifying the deviance, and not terminating it - 18Restorative justce conferencing is a process suggested by brainwaithe's reintegrative shaming theory. what is the aim, who is present and what is discussed?aim: restore victim, offender and community
participants: facilitator, support persons, offender and victim
what's discussed: what happened, impact of the act, reparation of harm to victim - 19what kind of integration did tittle use in his control balance theory?up and down: reduction.
- 20briefly describe tittle's control balance theorycrime likelihood/type depends on the control we are subjected to relavtive to the control we can excercise.
you can either have a deficit of control or a surplus of control - 21according to tittle's control balance theory, what happens if you have a deficit of control?maximum imbalance: submission
medium imbalance: defiance
minimal imbalance: predation
when deficits are small, people feel like they can get away with more - 22according to tittle's control balance theory, what happens if you have a surplus of control?minimal imbalance: exploitation
medium imbalance: plunder
maximum imbalance: decadance
deviance is proportionate to control - 23briefly explain the theory for coercion and social support (integrated theory)whether you have social support or coercion, and whether that SS/C is consistent of erratic, will influence your chances of crime and crime type
SUPPORT/COERCION --> Erratos/consistent --> outcome stage 1 (anger/self-control/social bond) --> gateway --> outcome - 24according to the theory for coercion and social support, what happens if you are given CONSISTENT SOCIAL SUPPORTanger = low, self control = high, social bond = high
this means prosocial behaviour, minimal criminal behaviour and minimal mental health problems - 25according to the theory for coercion and social support, what happens if you are given ERRATIC SOCIAL SUPPORTanger = moderate, self-control = low and social bond is survivalistic
There's propensity for exploratory deviance and an atteaction for illegitimate support (gateway)
if given, chronic skilled organised criminal activities
if not given, moderate unskilled disorganised crime - 26according to the theory for coercion and social support, what happens if you are given ERRATIC COERCIONanger = strong, self-control = low and social bond is weak
There's propensity for exploratory deviance and an atteaction for illegitimate support (gateway)
if given, chronic skilled organised criminal activities
if not given, chronic skilled organised crime - 27according to the theory for coercion and social support, what happens if you are given CONSISTENT COERCIONanger = strong, self-directed. self-control = high, social bond = weak
pro-social behaviour is low, and while criminal behaviour is only medium, there is a high change of chronic depression - 28what are some good social support interventions that can be used with families, youth, schools and workplaces to help counterbalance this?familys: PPP, paid leave, health insurance
youth: mentoring, higher education funding
school: pre-school programmes, cooperative learning
workplace: flexible options for hours, family-friendly environments
YOU WANT TO MINIGATE THE COERCIVE FORCES BY INCREASING COPING MECHANISMS AND REDUCING THE IMPACT OF STRESSORS - 29beifly describe the premice of agnew's general theory of crime?crime is most probably when constraints are low and motivations are high
clusters influence these constraints and motivators
(personality traits, family, school, peers and work), w overarching demographic factors.
poor performance in these areas will increase chances of crime, as moderated by demo. factors also - 30briefly describe robins's integrated systems theory.it is very hard to test, crosses disciplines and levels of analysis, and is also a general theory of crime-type-thing.
it focusses on genetic/environmental factors, parenting variables, community characteristics, and institutional problems and turning points. - 31conflict theorists assume that there are values held in common in a society or that the dominant values are agreed upon by society’s members. What to concensuc theoriest believethere is no concencus of values
interests o the wealthy are dominant
wealth serves those with power to control the state and define values - 32concensus theroists ask: whatare the causes of crime, why do people get involved in crime and what are some appropriate methods of controling/reducing/preventing crime what do conflict theorists ask?who decides what a crime is
what is the IMPACT of methods used to control/prevent/reduce crime
what is the impact of the CJS on particular groups of people
why are similar harms treated differently in law
why can some groups evade crime more easily than others
how is it that ideas of equality and due process can end up reproducing social, political and economic inequalities
why these laws, and not others? - 33consensus criminologists are informed by scientific knowledge and have no perspective on interests. but what do conflict criminologists thinkthey assume that all knowedge has it's own agenda
want to identify 'subordinated' knowledge
beliefs of minority groups do not fit into the scientific frame - 34there are two main types of conflict theory: functional conflict theory and power conflict theory. briefly decribe themfunctional conflict theory: conflict is a source of check and balances that lead to social change. crime is a result of a disagreement over definition of law (majority rules)
power conflict theory: not all groups are equally powerful, crime is a result of the ability of powerful groups having the ability to impose law on powerless groups - 35what does vold believe about group conflict and crime?crime emerges through normal conflict between competing interest groups in society
one group manages for a time to have their interest and values dominate
criminal behaviour is the behaviour of the minority power group - 36autin turk put forward the process of criminlisation, with the idea that no act is inherently criminal. how do the most powerful groups get decided?their organisation, sophistication and their relative power
criminalisation depends on how offensive the act is to those in power, how much power the enforcers/resisters have and how likely that action will be taken by those in power - 37what is the main thing that functional conflict theoriests leave unanswered?how some groups achieve power and can impose definition on others
Marx tried to answer this by saying that law was used by the state to support the interested of the owners of capitalist classes as a course of legitimate coercion. - 38Quineey belived that crime happened because of class conflict, social inequalities and competitive forms of interactions that are characteristic of capitalism.so crime occurs at all levels of society, but laws are unevenly enforced and often directed at subordinate groups.
e.g. white collar crime vs public nuicancy. a large portion of the CJS focusses on street crimes, or crimes of the underclass. - 39Spitzer believed that economic elites exploit workers and create surplus populations, that are likely to be defined as criminal. what are the2 types?social junk: unskilled outcases
social dynamites: reactionary and rebellionistic. political threats. - 40what is a massive correlate with incarceration rate?income inequality
- 41there are 2 theories to why, for instance, aboriginal people are locked up more than other people. what are they:differential involvement- they offend more
differential treatment - they are stopped, detained and arrested more
the latter is more true - surveys show that they offend at the same rate - 42Tannenbaum had a theory for labelling perspectives, which explained how children grew up to identify with a deviant label. how did this happen?children have playgroups in the street
they begin having risky behaviours but are still seen as 'good kids, doing bad'
when the situation escalates and conflict between adults and children rise, they are seen as bad kids
youth then act the part - 43briefly describe lemert's secondary deviance hypothesisprimary deviance is what originates from biological/physological/social factors
secondary deviance is faciliated by the reaction to the primary deviance
so, primary deviance = society reacts = accept and internalise deiviant label = conform to new identity = secondary deviance - 44howard becker argued that ''deviance' is not a quality of a person, but a result of someone defining a person's activity as 'deviant''a person may break the rules of a group by the very act of abiding by the rules of another group - Becker asks whose rules should apply?
what do stats tell us? what are they measuring?
the deviant is anyone to whom the label has been successfully applied - 45what are the benefits of labelling theoriesthey put more responsibility on us, as a state, to do something
the the impact of advantage and disadvantage in law and in everyday life - 46what are policy implications of labelling theoriesdiversion programmes
revisit what delinquency means
re-integrative programmes - 47what are some of the critiques of labelling theoriessome question th e core assumptions (e.g. no act is inherently deviant)
does the label affect the behaviour or does the behaviour drive the label
what is the source of primary deviance - 48chambliss did a study on two groups of high school boys: rough necks, who were deviant and came from the 'wrong side of the tracks', and saints, who were more devient but presented as middle-class kids. who did the authorities see as the trouble-makers?roughnecks
the sants were still seen as good boys, despite being more deviant - 49ALL DONE!!
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