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Chapter 6 The Self

C Stinson Psychology 2035 Englisch 66 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (66)

  1. 1“an organized collection of beliefs about the self" if the definition of _________.Self-concept
  2. 2These beliefs are also called _________ and include personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, & social roles"self-schemas"
    (Beliefs)
  3. 31.Reflexive Consciousness(Self-Esteem) 2.Interpersonal Being (Self-Presentation) 3. Executive Function (Self-Regulation) are 3 categories of ____________."self-experience"
  4. 4___________refers to one’s overall assessment of one’s worth as a person"Self-esteem"
  5. 5___________refer to “one’s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future”"Possible selves"
  6. 6"State" self-esteem (on a daily basis) is more _______."variable"
  7. 7Overall (Global or trait) Self-esteem throughout life is"stable"
  8. 8(The importance of Self-esteem) Self-esteem is strongly and consistently connected to __________.happiness
  9. 9People with _____________also feel more likeable and attractive, have better relationships, and make better impressions on others."high self-esteem"
  10. 10People with "high self-esteem" __________in the face of failure and ___________with setbacks.persist longer
    cope better
  11. 11Self-esteem has not been linked to ___________.achievement
  12. 12(Is High Self-Esteem Important) "The news most consistently reported, however, is that associations between "self-esteem" and "its expected consequences" are ______ _______ or_______ ”mixed, insignificant, or absent
  13. 13(self-perceptions) qualities people think they actually possess is defined as _________.An actual self
  14. 14(self-perceptions) qualities people would like to have is defined as __________.An ideal self
  15. 15(self-perceptions) qualities people think they should possess is defined as__________.An ought self
  16. 16(self-perceptions)"Mismatches" between the "actual, ideal, and/or ought selves""Self-discrepancies"
  17. 17When the “actual self” falls short of the “_______self,” we feel dejected and sad.“ideal self”
  18. 18When the “actual self” falls short of the “_______self,” we feel irritable and guilty.“ought self"
  19. 19When the “actual self” falls short of the “ideal self,” we feel dejected and sad, which can lead to_________"Depression"
  20. 20When the “actual self” falls short of the “ought self,” we feel irritable and guilty, which lead to___________ related disorders."Anxiety" related disorders
  21. 211. Changing their behavior to bring it more in line with the ideal, or ought selves. 2. "Blunting self-awareness" by "Avoiding" situations that "increase self-awareness", or By using alcohol.People cope with self-discrepancies in these ways.
  22. 22"we compare ourselves with others in order to "assess and/or improve our abilities." is related to what theory?social comparison theory
    (Festinger)
  23. 23(Social Comparison Theory) a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons is defined as_________.A reference group
  24. 24(Social Comparison Theory) If we want to improve, we choose reference groups of superior quality this is an ________ social comparison.“upward" social comparison
  25. 25(Social Comparison Theory) If we want to bolster self-esteem, we choose "inferior groups" is _________social comparison“downward" social comparison
  26. 26(Social Comparison Theory) Observations of our own behavior are "subjective and distorted" in a __________ direction."positive" direction
  27. 27(Factors in shaping the Self-Concept) _________from others is important in "balancing" our "own observations""Feedback"
  28. 281.Early in life, parents and family members are the primary influences. 2.As children age, teachers, coaches, and peers become progressively more impor 3.Later in life, close friends and marriage partners play dominant roles."Feedback"
    (Factors in shaping the Self-Concept)
  29. 29(Factors shaping the self concept) _________also affects our self-concept. We may view ourselves more, or less, critically, depending on the situation."Social context"
  30. 30(Factors shaping the self concept) In cultures that value (Individualism) “putting personal goals ahead of group goals” – identity is defined more in terms of personal attributes.Cultural values and self-concept
  31. 31(Factors shaping the self concept)In cultures that value(Collectivism) “putting group goals ahead of personal goals” – identity is defined more in terms of the groups one belongs to.Cultural values and self-concept
  32. 32View themselves as unique, self-contained, and distinct from others"Individualism"
    (independent view)
  33. 33View themselves as more connected to others"Collectivism"
    (Interdependent)
  34. 34It is a "global evaluation" of many aspects of the self"Self-esteem"
  35. 35_________ self-esteem, or an enduring sense of confidence in a person1.Trait self-esteem
  36. 36___________, or dynamic feelings about the self that change with the situation2.State self-esteem
  37. 37What are the 4 types of "self-image" in self-esteem (Structure of self-esteem diagram)1.Social
    2.Emotional
    3.Acedemic
    4.Physical
  38. 38Two major dimensions underlie parenting behavior:"acceptance and control"
  39. 39What are the 4 distinct parenting styles as interactions between these two dimensions of Parenting behaviour.1.Authoritative parenting(high acceptance, high control)
    2.Authoritarian parenting(low acceptance, high control).
    3.Permissive parenting(high acceptance, low control)
    4.neglectful parenting(low acceptance, low control)
  40. 40uses high emotional support and firm, but reasonable limitsAuthoritative parenting
  41. 41uses low emotional support with rigid limitsAuthoritarian parenting
  42. 42uses high emotional support with few limitsPermissive parenting
  43. 43uses low emotional support and few limitsNeglectful parenting
  44. 44Authoritative parenting is associated with the _________ scores. They "don’t demonstrate" that parenting style "causes" high or low self-esteemhighest self-esteem
  45. 45In reality, the self-views of people with low self-esteem are not more negative; rather, they are more ______ and______."confused and tentative"
  46. 46In other words, their(with low self-esteem) self-concepts seem to be1.less clear,
    2.less complete,
    3. more self-contradictory,
    4.more susceptible to
    short-term fluctuations(instability)
  47. 47short-term _________among people with low self-esteem can lead to delinquency, aggression, and other forms of problem behaviorfluctuations
  48. 48_______means that individuals with low self-esteem simply don’t know themselves well enough to "strongly endorse many personal attributes" on self-esteem tests, which results in lower self-esteem scores“self-concept confusion”
  49. 49For high-self-esteem people, negative feedback can make them more independent than their low-self-esteem counterparts, so much so that they can be perceivednegatively, as arrogant, (for example, by unfamiliar peers after even a
    brief interaction)
  50. 50_________ is the tendency to regard oneself as grandiosely self-important, to express excessive self-love, and to display a selfish orientation"narcissism"
  51. 51Compared to narcissists, however, ________ individuals are "able to moderate" rather "than exploit" available self-enhancement opportunities"high-self-esteem"
  52. 52Individuals whose positive self-appraisals are ______ or _______ are "not so susceptible" to ego threats and are "less likely to resort to hostility and aggression" in the face of them.are "secure" or "realistic"
  53. 532 Cognitive processes affect the ability to maintain a view of the self, for example:1.Automatic processing
    2. Controlled processing
  54. 54active thinking required for important decision-making and analysis, defines __________ processing.Controlled processing
  55. 55default mode in which we handle information without much deliberate decision-making (e.g., going through our morning routine) defines __________ processing.Automatic processing
  56. 56“inferences that people draw about the (causes) of their own behavior”"Self-attributions"
  57. 57Ascribe the causes of behavior to "personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings""Internal attributions"
  58. 58Ascribe behavior to "situational demands""External attributions"
  59. 59"stable or unstable" are the dimensions of ___________."attributions"
  60. 60The cause of behavior is unlikely to change over time"Stable attribution"
  61. 61The cause of behavior is variable, or subject to change"Unstable attribution"
  62. 62This dimension simply considers whether or not the individual has any control over the behaviorWhether they are "controllable" or "uncontrollable"
  63. 63“tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one’s life”Explanatory style
  64. 64People who use an _________ explanatory style attribute setbacks to external, unstable, and specific factors."optimistic" explanatory style
  65. 65People who use a _______explanatory style attribute setbacks to internal, stable, and global(pervasive) factors.These attributions make them feel bad about themselves,doubtful about their ability to handle challenges in future.pessimistic explanatory style
  66. 661. Self-assessment – desire for truthful information about oneself 2. Self-enhancement – desire to maintain positive feelings about oneselfTwo motives guide self-understanding

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Psychology 2035 Karteikarten am Chapter 6 The Self, erstellt von C Stinson am 07/10/2019.
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