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Culture, socialisation and identity: sociologist key ideas
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- 1CULTURE Durkheim (1893)Society exists before the individual and continues undisturbed when they die.
Peoples behaviours is patterned and predictable.
(1893) Modern industrial societies are characterized by social order rather than chaos or anarchy. - 2CULTURE Marsh and Keating (2006)Globalisation is now a profound influence on how we live our cultural lives.
(2006) The British are increasingly globalised people. We appear willing to travel far and wide. We increasingly eat and drink the food and drinks that our European even North American neighbours consume. - 3CULTURE Clark and Critcher (1995)(1995) We are not free to make choices because our consumption of popular culture is shaped and manipulated by advertising and global co-operations.
- 4CULTURE Marks and Engles (1974)(1974) The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling class ideas. For example, which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.
Marxists view this as a ruling class ideology. - 5Socialisation Baumeister (1986)(1986) Family socialisation provides children with an identity. A young child has no life other than its role in the family, therefore they believe that the family will love and care for them as long as they do as they're supposed to.
- 6SOCIALISATION Morgan (1996)(1996) Social control:
Sanctions reinforce and reward socially approved behaviour and develop a child's conscience. - 7SOCIALISATION Postman (1982)(1982) childhood is much shorter today than it was 50 years ago. This is due to loss of innocence. Children are exposed to sex and violence in the media.
- 8SOCIALISATION Phillips (1997)(1997) The anti-social behaviour associated with young people is a direct result of parents being too happy not to take responsibility for children
during their upbringing. - 9GENDER IDENTITY Connell (2002)(2002) Hegemonic views of masculinity and femininity. Have allocated distinct family roles.
- 10GENDER IDENTITY Billington et al (1998)(1998) Mass media has portrayed masculinity as dominant. Women had fewer roles. Women had maternal roles or were busy housewives. They were often used as sexual objects.
- 11GENDER IDENTITY Sharpe (1994)(1994) The increasing participation and success of women in the world of paid work mean that traditional notion s of the female identity are being abandoned.
- 12GENDER IDENTITY Mac an Ghail (1996)(1996) ‘crisis of masculinity’ due to the decline of traditional industries and the resulting unemployment leading to a loss of self esteem and status, as well as loss of identification with others.
Young boys don't see a future therefore they may turn to crime. - 13CLASS IDENTITY Scott (1991)(1991) Posh schools socialise students into a upper class common culture that promotes the values of conservatism and respect for tradition.
These schools produce ‘old boy’ networks and use it to their advantage. - 14CLASS IDENTITY Murray and Mount (2004)Identified a new form of working class
Murray (2004) The culture and identity of this underclass revolve around being workshy, anti-authority, anti-education and welfare dependent. The children of the underclass are being brought up believing its right. - 15CLASS IDENTITY MarshallMarshalls survey into how people viewed themselves suggests that people in the UK still think that social class is a significant source of identity. People are aware of different class types and are happy to identify themselves within one.
- 16CLASS IDENTITY Jordan (1992)(1992) Those living in poverty share the same ideas about work and family as everyone else. The unemployed want to work in order to gain respect of their loved ones and regain their dignity. Unemployment often causes low self esteem.
- 17AGE IDENTITY Johnson and Bytheway (1993)(1993) Ageism is often institutionalised through organisational and legal practices e.g. over 70’s can't do jury service.
Ageism is often expressed through stereotypical prejudices. Ability is limited due to age, such as driving.
Ageism can involve well meaning assumption, the idea that the elderly need adults care and protection. - 18AGE IDENTITY PilcherOld people are often described in derogatory or condescending ways such as ‘old biddy’ or ‘sweet old lady’.
These stereotypes marginalize the elderly and to label them as inferior. - 19AGE IDENTITY Ginn and Arber (2002)(2002) The increasing number of the elderly has led to rising fears about the cost of the elderly to society. For example, the rising cost of pensions and the increased use of healthcare. Media reports portray the elderly as a burden on society.
- 20AGE IDENTITY Giddens (1999)“Retirement might have some advantages, in that it releases time for the elderly to enjoy new interests”.
(1999) Retirement allows people to continue growing, learning and exploring. Some will immerse themselves in family and the others will offer their services in looking after grandchildren. Some take the opportunity to travel or move abroad. - 21ETHNIC IDENTITY Singh Gurman (1999)(1999) Asian families teach values:
Obedience, loyalty and respect for their elders. Social conformity was
demanded. Parents were considered to know the child's best interests at all ages. Marital partner was chosen by parent. Religion was very important.
Families are westernised. - 22ETHNIC IDENTITY Drury (1991)(1991) “I would like to have a boyfriend and I would like to have a love marriage but the consequences are too great. Gossip spreads and you can lose everything. Everyone in the family can be hurt and nobody will want to marry my sister. I think that Sikh boys in England are given too much freedom. They can go out with any white girls yet they are expected to marry an innocent Indian girl.”
- 23ETHNIC IDENTITY Modood (1997)(1997) The centrality of religion in Asian communities can be illustrated in the fact that very few Asians marry across religion or state lines and that most of their children will be socialised into a religious value system.
- 24ETHNIC IDENTITY Johal (1998)(1998) Second and third generation British-Asians have a dual identity in that they inherit an Asian identity and adopt a British one.
Asian youth adopt a white mask in order to interact with white peers at school.
Many British-Asians have a hybrid identity.
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