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ICT1

saralewis97 Englisch 200 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (200)

  1. 1Data, Information & Knowledge: Data definition and explanationData is raw facts and figures that have no meaning
    E.g. L1:8.45
    L2:12.0
    L3:8.20
    L4:9.70
    or
    20041997
  2. 2Data, Information & Knowledge: Information definition and exampleInformation is data that has had rules applied to it.
    E.g. L1:8.45
    L2:12.0
    L3:8.20
    L4:9.70
    These are the lanes and time in minutes that people completed a 750m sprint. L1 = Lane 1, 8.45 = 8.45 minutes
    or
    20/04/1997 is the format of a date
  3. 3Data, Information & Knowledge: Knowledge definition & exampleKnowledge is information that has had rules applied to it.
    E.g. L1:8.45
    L2:12.0
    L3:8.20
    L4:9.70
    The fastest time wins the race. Lane 3 is the fastest therefore they came first.
    or
    20/04/1997 is my birthday, this year i turned 18 which means next year i will turn 19.
  4. 4Data, Information & Knowledge: Encoding dataData if often coded during collection or when input into an ICT system
  5. 5Data, Information & Knowledge: Reasons for encoding data-Coded data takes less effort to type in
    -More data can appear on screen
    -Takes up lesson storage space
    -It is easier to check that a code is accurate using validation checks.
  6. 6Data, Information & Knowledge: Examples of encoded data*Country of origin:
    - GB = Great Britain
    - D = Germany
    - IRL = Ireland
    - CH = Switzerland
    *Sizes of clothes:
    - S = Small
    - M = Medium
    - L = Large
    XL = Extra Large
  7. 7Data, Information& Knowledge: Ways in which data can arise- Automatically taken environmental measurements
    - Results of a survey
    - Results from an experiment
    - Business transactions
    - Output from a management information system
  8. 8Data, Information & Knowledge: Problems associated with encoding dataCOARSENS DATA
    Data can be coarsened. For example: if eye colour was asked in a survey and the options given were blue, green and brown it limits options, what about people with hazel, grey eyes etc.
    VALUE JUDGMENTS
    People values can be different. For example: A survey may ask if service was unsatisfactory, satisfactory, good or excellent. One persons excellent could be another's satisfactory.
  9. 9Data, Information & Knowledge: Processing and maintenance costs*FINANCIAL: Cost of paying analysis staff
    *HUMAN: Cost of training
    *TIME COST: Time to analyse data to produce results
  10. 10Data, Information & Knowledge: Cost of good quality information!. Data collection costs
    2. Data entry costs
    3. Processing and maintenance costs
  11. 11Data, Information & Knowledge: 1. Data collection costsFINANCIAL: Costs of design of questionnaire
    HUMAN: Cost of training
    TIME COST: Collecting data from customers
  12. 12Data, Information & Knowledge: 2. Data entry costsFINANCIAL: Cost of typing
    HUMAN: Training
    TIME COST: Time taken to key in data
  13. 13Data, Information & Knowledge: Costs associated with data entry can be divided into:*Human resources costs - The costs of any staff performing data entry, the costs of training these staff, the costs of specialist staff needed for programming etc.
    *Time costs - The entry of data, especially using keyboards takes time. This can slow down the whole process from collecting the data to the production of the final information
    *Hardware costs - Sometimes by spending money on automatic methods of data entry using bar coding, optical mark reading, magnetic ink character recognition, speech recognition etc.
  14. 14Data, Information & Knowledge: Financial costs- Data may need to be transferred from one place to another using expensive communication lines
    - Outside firms may be used to ensure that the data is backed up off site
    - Consumables costs such as printer paper and toner/ink cartridges
  15. 15Data, Information & Knowledge: Human costs- Specialist staff will be needed to give the instructions to the database to process the data by extracting specific details
    - Software can be pushed to the limit by users demands for more information
    - Staff may need to be employed to analyse the information from the system and to produce more meaningful reports for different groups of people
  16. 16Data, Information & Knowledge: Time costs- The backing up of large amounts of data is necessary but time consuming
    - Processing large amounts of data takes time and many ICT systems have many millions of record to process to extract certain information
  17. 17Data, Information & Knowledge: Information provided by a system will- Reduce costs
    - Eliminate losses
    - Reduce wastage
    - Use resources more effectively
    - Provide better management information to aid more accurate decision making
  18. 18Data, Information & Knowledge: Costs associated with collection of data- Costs of employing an expert to design data collection forms
    - The setting up of questionnaires to collect data
    - The production of online forms to collect data from customers
    - The travelling costs and other expenses involved in people performing interviews
    - The costs of staff employed to work through documents to collect the information
    - The costs for specialist staff to collect data from other systems
    - The costs of buying information from a third party
  19. 19Data, Information & Knowledge: How to find dataOnline sources:
    Intranet
    Internet
    CD rom
    Non ICT sources
    Paper invoices, bank statements etc.
    Reports
    Directories
    Letters
    Journals
  20. 20Data, Information & Knowledge: Managers might need information from the internet like ...- Tax information to reduce tax bills
    - Information about competitors
    - Details of laws and regulations business must adhere to
    Suppliers information
    - Statistical information for planning
    - Details of venues for courses/meetings
  21. 21Data, Information & Knowledge: Good quality information could . . .*Add value to a company
    This could be to spot a trend or to monitor the performance of an employee to see whether they should receive a bonus.
    *Target resources
    Using information from market research to develop a new product to fill a gap in the market.
  22. 22Data, Information & Knowledge: Quality of Information- Accuracy: accuracy of the information
    - Easy to understand: How easy the information is to understand
    - Relevant: relevance for a particular use
    - Up to date: how up to date the information is
    - Completeness: how complete the information is
    - Targeted: how well information is targeted
    - User confidence: how much user confidence there is in the information
  23. 23Data, Information & Knowledge: Accuracy- No costly mistakes
    - Correct decisions more likely
    - Data should always be date stamped
    - Personal data has to be kept up to data according to the DPA
    - Old data could lead to distress
    - Loss due to outdated information can lead to a company being sued under the DPA
    EXAMPLES
    Credit card statements must have the correct rate of interest applied to the balance, otherwise customers will complain and the card company could be prosecuted
    Customers being sent the wrong items from mail order companies. This costs money to sort out and distress to the customer
    Buyers basing their stock ordering decisions on incorrect sales information results in stock having to be sold cheaply
    Typing the details I n from a customer over the phone and mishearing them and typing in the wrong address resulting in goods being sent to the wrong address
  24. 24Data, Information & Knowledge: Easy to understand- Well presented
    - Readable
    - The meaning of any information should be clear to the user and an abbreviations or codes used should be explained. Information cannot be used properly unless it is understood. It is also important that information is unambiguous since it could mean that members at a meeting, could be talking at cross purposes.
  25. 25Data, Information & Knowledge: Relevance- No wasted time producing
    - No wasted time reading
    - A group has asked their record company for a breakdown of their royalties for all months over the last three years and the record company only gave them the total royalties for each year.
  26. 26Data, Information & Knowledge: Up to date- DP act
    - Accuracy
    - Data should always be date stamped
    - Personal data has to be kept up to data according to the DPA
    - Old data could lead to distress
    - Loss due to outdated information can lead to a company being sued under the DPA
    EXAMPLES
    Moving house
  27. 27Data, Information & Knowledge: Completeness- Ensure that all data has been completed.
  28. 28Data, Information & Knowledge: Targeted- Very specific
    - More precise
    - Information needs to be targeted at the person who is going to use it.
  29. 29Data, Information & Knowledge: User confidence- Users will use info
    - Users believe info correct
  30. 30Data, Information & Knowledge: Uses of information- The more information there is, the less risk taken in decision making
    - Used to monitor progress, against competitors, previous years and other sales staff
    - Used to target resources effectively
    - Used to gain a competitive advantage
    - Reduce wastes
    - Reduce costs
    - Eliminate losses
    - Provide better management information to aid decision making
  31. 31Validation and verification: How data errors occur*Input errors - Some examples of error during input are customers filling in the details on the data entry from incorrectly, forms being lost, forms being entered twice, problems with input devices.
    *Transcription errors - These happen when data is being inputted into the computer. Types of error here are, misspelling a street name, mistyping a phone number.
    *Processing errors - These occur after data has been inputted. For example, calculated fields that depend on inputs, an incorrect formula will produce the wrong answer every time.
    *Transmission errors - Sometimes when data is transmitted from one location to another it may not arrive due to network problems.
  32. 32Validation and Verification: Validation definitionValidation is an automatic checking of data entered into a computer system to ensure it is sensible or reasonable.
  33. 33Validation and Verification: 6 Validation methods1. Range check
    2. Presence check
    3. Check digits
    4. Length check
    5. Format check
    6. Drop down menu
  34. 34Validation and Verification: 1. Range checkData must be a value that falls between two predefined values
    School example: Date of birth between 1995 and 2004 or it would be rejected as too old or too young.
  35. 35Validation and verification: 2. Presence checkRequires a value that must be entered
    School example: Emergency contact number for a parent/career
    Hospital example: Medical history
  36. 36Validation and Verification: 3. Length checkData has to be within a certain amount of characters
    School example: Phone number = 11 digits
    Hospital example: Phone number = 11 digits
  37. 37Validation and Verification: 4. Length checkData has to be within a certain amount of characters
    School example: Phone number = 11 digits
    Hospital example: Phone number = 11 digits
  38. 38Validation and Verification: 5. Format checkData must conform to a prescribed layout
    School example: Date of birth (DD/MM/YYYY)
    Hospital example: Date of birth (DD/MM/YYYY)
  39. 39Validation and Verification: 6. Drop-down boxCan only select data from list
    School example: Gender – male/female/transgender etc.
    Hospital example: Gender – male/female/transgender etc.
  40. 40Validation and Verification: Verification definitionVerification is the checking that data has been copied accurately from one medium to another.
  41. 41Validation and Verification: 3 Verification methods1. Double entry
    2. Sending back printouts
    3. Proof-reading
  42. 42Validation and Verification: 1. Double-entryTwo people entering the exact same data twice into two different computers
    The verification program the compares the two set of data and identifies the mistakes.
  43. 43Validation and Verification: 2. Sending back printoutsAsk customers etc. to check their data is correct and to notify the company with any errors.
    This is when a company would send printouts of inputted data to the data source and ask them to confirm the accuracy of the data.
  44. 44Validation and Verification: 3. Proof readingCarefully reading what has been entered compared to what is on data source.
    Proof reading is reading proof copy of text for the purpose of detecting errors.
  45. 45Presenting information: Animated transitionThis is when you give an entry or exit effect when you move from one slide to another
    School example: Open evening to keep audience engaged
    Solicitor example: Presentation to keep audience engaged
  46. 46Presenting Information: TemplatesThis is a prewritten/predesigned documents with designs and some basic information included.
    School example: Letter to keep consistency of house styles
    Solicitor example: Letter to look professional and no information missing
  47. 47Presenting Information: HyperlinksThese are objects or text that once clicked takes you to another location in your presentation
    School example: Website to take you to other parts
    Solicitor example: Website to take you to other parts
  48. 48Presenting Information: QueryThis is when you interrogate a database to find information
    School example: Query abut a pupils data e.g. contact number
    Solicitor example: Query about a customer that owes money
  49. 49Presenting Information: ImportThis is bringing in information from another item of software or presentation
    School example: importing data about exams from WJEC to parents
    Solicitor example: Importing names/address’ for mail merge
  50. 50Presenting Information: ExportTransferring data from one piece of software to another
    School example: Exporting data from access for mail merge
    Solicitor example: Exporting data from access for mail merge
  51. 51Presenting Information: MacroA small program to perform a repetitive task and which can be created and sorted for later use
    School example: Insert a signature on a letter
    Solicitor example: Insert a signature on a letter
  52. 52Presenting Information: FrameSection of a website in which semi independent info can take place
    School example: Head teachers intro on a website
    Solicitor example: Company intro on a website
  53. 53Presenting Information: Word processingUsing a personal computer to produce high quality printer documents
  54. 54Presenting information: Advantages of word processing- Ability to draft, redraft and reprint documents with minimum typing
    - Ability to send files as attachments in emails and transfer file in formats
    - Ability to view documents
  55. 55Presenting Information: Disadvantages of word processing- Training is required
    - It is expensive
  56. 56Presenting Information: SpreadsheetsA type of generic software used to process and display data
  57. 57Presenting Information: Advantages of spreadsheets- It is easy replicate formulae
    - Don’t require specialist training
    - Can be used for a “what if” model
    - Models can be speeded up or slowed down is needed
  58. 58Presenting Information: Disadvantages of Spreadsheets- Software is expensive to buy
    - Data entered into the model can never completely represent real life
  59. 59Presenting Information: MailmergeTakes data automatically from a data source and then puts the data into an outline document.
    *Requirements:
    This is the standard letter with gaps for user specific information
    *Database:
    Tables of data to be placed into main document, table set out with headings of field identifies
    *Form letters:
    The document f the standard letter with the data from the database included.
  60. 60Presenting Information: Advantages of Mail-merge- Easy to change text for all letters
    - Very quick to produce thousands of letter
    - Only need to proof read a single letter to know that all are correct
  61. 61Presenting Information: Definitons*Format : the style in which the information is organised and presented
    *Media : the means by which information is communicated
    *Table : A more visual way of displaying numeric data
    *Multitable : Making use of many media such as text, image, sound, animation and video
  62. 62Presenting Information: Audience- Adults
    - Teenagers
    - Young children
    - Knowledge about subject
  63. 63Presenting Information: Factors affecting the choice of format*The particular needs of the user:
    A user may be particularly sighted or blind so information as audio would need to be used rather than next
    *The complexity of the information:
    Complex information an be explained better pictorially
    *Whether the material is to be presented online:
    Animations and video can be added to multimedia presentations or websites
  64. 64Presenting Information: Multimedia- Video
    - Text
    - Sounds
    - Still images
    - Animation
    - Interactive components
  65. 65Presenting Information: Page layout/Format- Page orientation
    - Pagination
    - Paper size
    - Gutters
    - Borders
    - Headers/ Footers
    - Margins
  66. 66Presenting Information: Formatting text- Font colour
    - Font style
    - Font effects
    - Font size
    - Font type
  67. 67Presenting Information: Formatting blocks of text- Bullet points
    - Tabs and indents
    - Hyphenation
    - Line spacing
    - Justification
  68. 68Presenting Information: Features of presentation software- Can apply colour schemes to slides
    - Can add a background graphic to a slide
    - Can add headers and footers to each slide
    - Can add slide transitions
    - Can add images
    - Can re-order slides
    - Can add animation effects
    - Can preview slides
    - Can design consistently using templates
  69. 69Presenting Information: Advanced feature of presentation software- Timing features to make sure you allocate the right time to each slide
    - Can record the narration to a self running presentation
    - Ability to hyperlink
    - Animation effects
    - Can add movies and sound to presentation
    - Action buttons in order to allow control over which slide is viewed next
  70. 70Presenting Information: DTP Software1. Templates
    2. Brings together lots of different files
    3. Cascading style sheets
    4. Frame
  71. 71Presenting Information: 1. Templates- Uses placeholder text/graphics
    - Enables quick deign of publications
    - Lots of designs for newsletters etc.
  72. 72Presenting Information: 2. Brings together lots of different files- Text from word processor
    - Graphics from drawing software
    - Scanned images
    - Digital camera images
    - Clip art
  73. 73Presenting Information: 3. Cascading style sheets- Sets out the formatting
    - Select fonts, font size, bold etc.
    - Ensures a constant design
  74. 74Presenting Information: 4. Frames- Contains text or graphics
    - Can be moved around the page
    - Very precise positioning
  75. 75Presenting Information: Databases1. STORES DATA IN A STRUCTURED WAY
    2. KEEPS PROGRAMS SEPARATE FROM DATA
    3. RELATIONAL DATABASES
    4. FLAT FILE DATABASE
    5. QUERIES
    6. REPORTS
    7. IMPORT/EXPORT
  76. 76Presenting Information: 1. Stores data in a structured way- To aid storage
    - To aid retrieval
  77. 77Presenting Information: 2. Keeps program separate from data--
  78. 78Presenting Information: 3. Relational databases- Uses tables containing data
    - Tables are linked
    - Comprehensive and flexible
  79. 79Presenting Information: 4. Flat-file databases- Stores all the data in one file
    - Only used with very simple databases
    - Very limited
  80. 80Presenting Information: 5. Queries- Used to extract information
    - Uses certain criteria
    - Usually displayed on screen
  81. 81Presenting Information: 6. Reports- Results printed out
    - Users can control what appears
  82. 82Presenting Information: 7. Import/export- Export data to other packages
    - Import data from other packages
  83. 83Capabilities and Limitations of ICT: Advantaged of ICT1. Repetitive processing
    2. Speed processing
    3. Data storage capacity
    4. Speed of searching
    5. Accuracy
    6. Speed of data communications
    7. Ability to search and combine data in many different ways that would otherwise would be impossible
    8. The ability to produce different output formats
    9. Improved security of data and processes
  84. 84Capabilities and limitation of ICT: 1. Repetitive processing- Processors are so fast that there are not many tasks that challenge them.
    *Examples:
    - Performing a mail merge
    - Sending the same email to everyone in your email address book
    - Replicating a formula down a column or across a row in a spreadsheet
    - Setting up a style sheet so that all the documents based on it have a similar design
  85. 85Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 2. Speed processing*Speed of processing depends on:
    - The speed of the processor
    - The speed of communication if the processing is being performed online
    - The speed at which the data arrives dependent on the speed that the input devices works.
    - The faster the data can be processed then the faster the results of output if produced . In some business systems speed is crucial to their operation.
  86. 86Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 3. Data storage capacity- The cost of storing data has come down over years, many organisations are storing a lot more data than they used to. They have come to realise that the more data they hold about products, sales, customers etc. the more they can process this data to produce useful information.
  87. 87Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 4. Speed of searching- Manual searching for information can take ages. Computer based searches are extremely fast and it is easy to create search conditions that will enable only very specific information to be extracted.
  88. 88Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 5. Accuracy- Humans make mistakes but computers, when they have been correctly programmed, do not. This means that accuracy of computer based systems is much higher than that possible manual systems.
  89. 89Capabilities and limitations of ICT: Speed of data communications- Most people who have an internet connection have a broadband connection which means they have very fast access to information.
    - Most companies now communicate with each other using networks, because manual methods are too slow.
    - For example, many companies promise delivery of goods within 24 hours from placing an order. Without the use of networks or the internet for the placing of an order, this would be impossible.
  90. 90Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 7. Ability to search and combine data in many different ways that would otherwise would be impossible- Modern databases enable huge stores of data to be searched using complex search conditions. Sometimes only part of the data is known.
    - For example., the police c an search for all white Ford
  91. 91Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 8. The ability to produce different output formats- Arranging information to make it as easy to understand as possible is one thing computers are very good at.
    - Altering the output format in different ways can be done using software such as word processing or DTP.
    - Complex numerical data ban be put into different formats such as:
    - Text
    - Tables
    - Graphs
    - Pictures
  92. 92Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 9. Improved security of data and processes*Data is easily backed up
    - With ICT systems data is easily backed up because data can be copied. Copying manual data takes a long time plus you have to have somewhere to store it.
    *Fewer mistakes are made during process
    - Lack of human involvement in the processes means fewer mistakes are made.
    *Better security of data
    - Data is protected by passwords. Also, only certain staff are given permission to make changes to data.
  93. 93Capabilities and limitations of ICT: The effects of hardware- One factor that limits an IT system is hardware.
    - Software uses the capabilities of the hardware. This means that certain software will only run on hardware of a certain minimum specification. This is why, when you purchase software, there is always a list on the back of the package, quoting the minimum specification or system requirements.
  94. 94Capabilities and limitations of ICT: Effects of software- There is always a choice of software, so this should be carefully researched. In some cases different types of software will do the same task.
    - For example, word processing software could be used to produce a simple magazine, but for a more complex magazine DTP software would be better
  95. 95Capabilities and limitations of ICT: The suitability of the operating system- Some of the newer applications software needs the latest version of operating system software in order to run. It is important, before buying new applications software, that you look to make sure what operating system must be used to run it. Normally software will contain details of the operating system must be used to run it.
    - Normally software will contain details of the operating systems that can be used with the software in the list of the systems requirements.
  96. 96Capabilities and limitations of ICT: The effects of communication- Anyone in an organisation who will be involved in working with a new system should be consulted and involved in its development.
    - There are many examples where staff who will use the system have not been consulted during its development.
    - There must be sufficient communication between the developers and the users of the system at all stages of development.
  97. 97Capabilities and limitations of ICT: The effects of input*The output from a system from a system should be always be considered first because this determines what needs to be input and also the processing that needs to be done.
    *Many systems have been developed with these deficiencies:
    - The system cannot produce some output because further units are needed that were not considered at the of development
    - The inputs are not accurate because the data validation and verification techniques are not comprehensive.
  98. 98Capabilities and limitations of ICT: Problems and limitations1. The nature of computer software
    2. Changes in circumstances during development
    3. Organisations constantly changing
    Speed of implementation
    4. Compatibility
    5. Insufficient testing
    6. Support
    7. Cost
    8. Poor communication with user
    9. Poor post implementation procedures
    10. Maintenance procedures
    11. Abilities to user
  99. 99Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 1. The nature of computer softwareSoftware is probably the most noticeable aspect of a system to a user, because they will be suing it on a day-to-day basis and any problems with it will soon be noticeable.
    *There are a number of software limitations:
    - Ability to transfer data
    - Bugs
    - Compatibility
    - Poor design of software
  100. 100Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 2. Changes in circumstances during development- In order to survive, businesses must adapt quickly to change. This means that they must change their systems on a regular basis in order to cope with the new demands of the business.
  101. 101Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 3. Organisations constantly changing- Organisations are constantly changing and there is a necessity for the information systems they use to change as well.
    - For example, they may merge with other organisations or they may be bought out.
  102. 102Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 4. Speed of implementation- Businesses need to react quickly to change. This means that systems need to be developed quickly in order to be useful.
    - This can cause problems because when systems are developed in a rush there can be problems such as insufficient testing of the software.
  103. 103Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 5. Compatibility- Is a new system is being developed there are a number of things to considered:
    - Will the new system work with the existing data?
    - Will the old system work with new data?
    - Will the new system work with the existing hardware?
    - Will the new system work with the existing software?
  104. 104Capabilities and limitations of ICT: 6. Insufficient testing- Thorough user testing has not taken place, resulting in software that is frustrating to use
    - The software does not do exactly what was required of it
    - The software contains bus which cause the computer to crash.
  105. 105ICT in Business: CAD - Computer Aided Design- The use of computer systems for design within engineering and products.
    - The use of a computer and sophisticated graphics software to design products or systems
    - Is the use of computer systems in engineering, architecture, kitchen design of products, buildings or the placement of objects (kitchen units etc.)
    - CAD can also cover the design of products such as packaging.
  106. 106ICT in Business: FEATURES OF CAD- Hatching or rendering - Example: Mobile Phone Cases (different designs like rubber)
    - Zoom – ability to zoom in and out from a particular part of the design Example: Motherboard (makes it more accurate to see design)
    - Rotate – ability to rotate Example: Shoe Manufacturing (You can see all the angles of the shoe before agreeing to buy it)
    - Walkthrough - Example: House Design (you can change where you want certain rooms and custom it to how you want it) - Costing’s - Example: Material (When you design it, it will work out how many different materials you have used and how much each material costs)
    Stress and Strain - Example: Bridges (You can work it out to see how much weight it can carry and how good the supporting will be and how much it can support)
    Wire Drawings - Example: Building (allowing the building to have the design that you can remove all the material and just keep the wiring
  107. 107ICT in Business: Advantages to CAD- Easily stored and transferred – drawings are digitalised and can be sent via email to other working on the projects
    - Easily altered- existing drawings can be altered easily rather than starting from scratch
    - Stress/strain calculations can be performed – this means the software will only allow you to design buildings that are safe
    - 3D is available so it can produce drawings in 3D which is especially useful for diagrams of kitchens, buildings etc.
  108. 108ICT in Business: Examples of CAD- Producing kitchen or bathroom designs for customers
    - Producing the designs for a component that is to be manufactured
    - Used by architects for designing buildings
    - Used by garden/landscapers to design a garden
  109. 109ICT in Business: CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing- Computer- aided manufacturing is the use of computer software to control machine tools and related to machinery in the manufacturing of work pieces.
  110. 110ICT in Business: Features of CAM- Uses a computer, CAM software and a device or devices that produce the product, which are controlled by the software
    - Takes the input from CAD packages and uses the information to produce a set of instructions to give to machinery to manufacture the article or component
    - Used to program and control equipment (robots, milling machines, lathes, drills, cutters etc.)
    - Products are made automatically
    - The CAM equipment can be reprogrammed to make new products or components with different dimensions
  111. 111ICT in Business: Advantages of CAM- Cheaper manufacture – the manufacture is automatic so costs of manufacturing a product are reduced
    - Faster time from design to manufacture – can produce new components/products more quickly
    - Better quality – products created using CAM are produced to a better quality ( no human involvement = no mistakes)
    - Lower wage costs – very little human involvement means the goods can be produced more cheaply as the wage costs are lower
  112. 112ICT in Business: Examples of CAM- Used to manufacture components used in car and engines and gear boxes
    - Used to manufacture double glazed windows and conservatories
  113. 113ICT in Business: Hardware requirements for CAD and CAM- INPUT DEVICES
    - PROCESSING
    - OUTPUT DEVICES
  114. 114ICT in Business: Input*Keyboard
    *Mouse - main input device - two buttons and scroll wheel
    *Space Mouse
    – specially designed for CAD
    - makes use of mouse and set of buttons to allow the user of CAD to positon and manipulate objects in 3D space
  115. 115ICT in Business: Processing*Speed of Processor - CAD software needs to perform many complex calculations when scaling transforming images or producing 3D models from 2D designs
    - The speed at which this can be done depends on the speed of processing - The processor is the brain of the computer and the speed of the processor is the main influence on how fast the CAD system appears to a user
    - In order to speed up the CAD system, dual processors are used, which means that program instructions can be dealt with faster by allocating them between processers.
    *Memory - Used to hold programs and data which may need to be accessed immediately by the processor - Large amounts of RAM should be included and there should be the space to add more RAM and there should be the space to add more RAM for the future
    *Graphic Card - Offer performance (speed), stability and image quality
    - A 3D capable graphics card will be needed to turn 2D designs into 3D designs
    - The CAD software will say which graphics cards are compatible so you need to look carefully at the system specification
  116. 116ICT in Business: Output- Screen - Screen needs to be: - as large as possible so reduces eyestrain – a minimum size of 17 inches should be used - have a minimum resolution of 1024 x 768 pixel - be flicker free with a very stable picture - have a non- reflective coating on the screen to reduce glare
    - Printers/Plotters - A4 sized printouts and below can be printed on an ordinary printer - Detailed plans need to be printed on large sheets - Drum Plotters – used when drawings, plans and maps need to be printed on large sheets
    - Machinery - Output from CAD design can be input into a CAM package which can then control machinery to make item - Output from CAM package is the instructions to control devices like millers etc. that are used automatically to manufacture components or products
  117. 117ICT in Business: CAD and CAM softwarePRO/DESKTOP
    Piece of CAD design and allows the visualisation on 3D objects on the screen which can be viewed from any viewpoint.
    Using the software you can assemble and explore different arrangements of 3D parts and experiment with colour and texture of different parts.
    This software allows the designer to generate, design and model alternative ideas.
  118. 118ICT in Business: CAD and CAM SoftwareARTCAM
    CAD design and CAM package that allows you to take your 2D designs and turn them into 3D.
    For example – you can take your 2D designs using the software and it can be turned into the 3D model which can include relief (different depths used on faces) and shading can be used to improve realism.
    You can add textures and text on curved surfaces and once a model has been created it can be exported into a machine which includes lathes, cutters and routers etc.
  119. 119ICT in Business: CAD and CAM softwarePROSKETCH
    This is a piece of software that is aimed at graphic design and design of textiles. Using the software allows the users to create initial sketches of garments and other products.
    There is a library of objects which in this case includes zips, buttons etc. Background images can also be selected so that the garments designed can be in the best way possible.
    Users will be able to select from a whole range of colours, textures etc. for their product. The software will make it easy to make these changes to design and improve on the designs.
  120. 120ICT in Business: Computer based shopping systemELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER (EFT)
    - EFT – the process of transferring money electronically from one account to another without the need for paperwork or the delay that using paperwork brings
    - EFT PAYMENTS can include: - credit/debit cards - payments made using intermediary - payments using electronic purse (where you credit money to a card before use) - payments made between one bank account to another using online banking
  121. 121ICT in Business: Advantages for customers- Faster receipt of goods – no wait for posts or cheques to clear
    - Quicker to enter card details rather than sending a cheque in the post
    - If a credit card is used for items over £100 – then the credit card company will take up any complaints you have with the store
  122. 122ICT in Business: Disadvantages for customers- Payments are easy, so a customer may make impulse purchases they later regret
    There may be a tendency to spend too much on credit cards
    - There is a danger in entering card details that they will fall into the wrong hands and be used fraudulently
    - Not everyone has a computer or internet access
    - Erosion of privacy as more companies hold data about you and what you buy
  123. 123ICT in Business: Advantages for Business- Payments are made immediately so cash flow is improved
    - EFT can be integrated with accountancy systems, so fewer accountant staff are needed and this reduces the business costs
    - No wasted time dealing with cheques that bounce
    - Faster delivery can be offered which can improve turnovers.
  124. 124ICT in Business: Disadvantages for Business- Stores have to pay a commission for electronic payments to the company being used to make the payment (credit/debit cards) – for an online credit card payment the commission is usually 3.1%
    - Stolen credit cards may be used to pay for products or services – it is the seller of goods or services who has to bear the cost of fraudulent transactions
    - Need to be procedures in place to ensure the security and privacy of customers data – particularly their credit/ debit card details
    - Expensive to set up a payment system
  125. 125ICT in Business: Online shopping (E-commerce)MAIN PARTS:
    - Catalogue of products - includes a search facility and provides a link to the stock control system
    - Shopping cart/basket - allows shoppers to browse and add and remove items from their basket
    - Checkout – when shoppers have finished shopping they can checkout where they enter their details and pay for goods
    - Payment – credit/debit cards are encrypted and validated and the transactions are either accepted or declined. Once payment has been authorised an email is sent to the customer confirming order.
  126. 126ICT in Business: Benefits of E-commerce- Always Accessible - no opening hours for an e-business as the websites are open 24/7 - customers can access the information at any time
    - Low Start-up and Running Cost - relatively cheap to start ecommerce since all you need is a computer and internet
    - Easily Updated - information on the website can be updated daily so the information is always up to date
    - Search Facilities - goods can be found quickly on e-commerce sites using a search facility
  127. 127ICT in Business: Drawbacks of Ecommerce*Unemployment Computers automate many of the administrative tasks performed by people – this can lead to many people being unemployed
    *Lack of interaction with people E.g. Elderly and Disabled – going to the shops provides a good way of interacting with others when this is removed – people become introvert and mistrust of others
    *Lack of exercise Walking around traditional shops is good exercise Sitting at a keyboard ordering goods and services – little exercise
    *Security problem Scared about inputting credit card details Worried about ID theft and their card details being used fraudulently Site maybe set up purely to steal money from them
  128. 128ICT in Business: Electronic point of sale (EPoS)*POS terminals
    - Point of sale terminals are placed in stores where customers pay for goods. There are variety of input devices used with a POS terminals e.g.:
    - touch screen displays
    - keyboards
    - magnetic strip readers
    - bar code readers
  129. 129ICT in Business: Bar code recognition*Involves using a series of light and dark bars of differing widths to enter a code printed under the bar code
    *Using the code the system can determine:
    - country of origin
    - manufacturer
    - name of product
    - price
    - other information about product
    *Applications for the bar code recognition include
    : - recording goods in supermarkets
    - warehouse stock control - parcel tracking
    - luggage labelling at airports
  130. 130ICT in Business: Advantages of bar code input*FASTER – scanners are sophisticated and can bar codes at different angles
    *MORE ACCURATE – compared to typing in long codes manually
    *LOW PRINTING COSTS – can be printed on labels you can buy special software which allows an ordinary printer to print bar codes
  131. 131ICT in Business: Disadvantages of Bar code input*ONE USE - Can only be used for the input of numbers
    *EXPENSIVE – Laser scanners in supermarkets are expensive although hand held scanners are relatively cheap
  132. 132ICT in Business: Other methods of data entryHAND HELD INPUT DEVICES
    - portable devices used for stock taking in stores - sometimes they have bar codes attached to them
    - wireless communication to send data to main system
    MAGNETIC STRIPS
    - can be seen on credit/debit cards etc.
    - advantages – few errors as no keying in data, added security as details don’t appear on card, very quick, data cant be read without a programmed machine so decreases fraud
    CHIP AND PIN READER
    - replaced magnetic strips
    - you have to enter personal 4 digit code
  133. 133ICT in Business: Automatic Stock ControlSupermarkets hold stock that needs to be controlled for the following reasons:
    - Keeping large numbers of quantities of stock is expensive and if the quantity kept can be decreased, then the resources (e.g. money, staff, space etc.) can be put in better use
    - If insufficient stock is kept, customers requirements may not be met and customers may choose to shop elsewhere
    - Many of the stock items in a supermarket are perishable which means they have a limited shelf life
  134. 134ICT in Business: Costs associated with keeping stock- The cost of buying the stock
    - The cost of the premises to house the stock
    - Higher staffing costs as more people are needed to find and move stock
    - Higher wastage due to damage/goods going off if they go past their sell by date
  135. 135ICT in Business: Main objectives of Automatic Stock Control- To maintain adequate stock just to meet customer demand
    - To reorder goods automatically when stock falls below a minimum level
    - To monitor and readjust stock levels
    - Produce stock valuations for accountancy and audit purposes
    - Provide management with up to data and accurate stock information
  136. 136ICT in Business: Just in time stock control system- This system makes use of the ‘just in time’ concept
    - Goods are delivered to the store as fast as they are sold
    - New system will cut stocks of products and each store by about 1/5 and means that staff are freed
    - Allows individual stores to respond to changing demand throughout the day automatically
    - The system will ensure that they do not run out of e.g. ice creams during hot weather and soup during cold
    - Deliveries are spread out to 4/5 per day rather than a single large delivery
  137. 137ICT in Business: Advantages of just in time stock control- Smaller stores can be used because not as much stock is held
    - Store is able to respond to changing demand through the day
    - Easier to cope with several small deliveries than one large
    - Ensures they do not run out of fast selling items
  138. 138ICT in Business: Disadvantages of just in time stock control- Expensive to introduce
    - Stores are more responsible for their own ordering so more admin staff are needed
    - True stock may differ due to theft and damage
  139. 139ICT in business: Pricing- Many prices of goods change on a regular basis and this causes problems for shops as they are often charged more by their suppliers
    - The database of all goods contains the price which may be altered by the computer in the store
    - Once the price is changed, the bar code is linked to the new price
    - The store needs to print out a new shelf label with the new price etc.
  140. 140ICT in Business: Human computer interfacesStaff in supermarkets need to be protected by medical problems caused by ICT systems e.g.
    - Eye strain
    - Backache
    - Repetitive strain injury
    - Stress
    - Stores have moved away from using keyboard for entry and towards laser scanners and touch screens which will reduce some health problems.
  141. 141ICT in Business: Loyalty cardsScheme works:
    - Customer fills in form to join the scheme
    - The customer is given a card which contains a magnetic strip
    - Each time the customer makes a purchase the loyalty is used and is linked to their purchases
    - The card adds certain numbers of points to their card based on their bill
    - The store links to what is bought and sends the customers special offers on those products.
  142. 142Uses of ICT in the home: Two mains uses1. Entertainment
    2. On-line banking
  143. 143Uses of ICT in the home: Social networking uses- Talk to people across the world for free
    - Meet new friends through interests
    - Make it private so only certain people can see
    - Post pictures/pictures/statements for friends to see
    - E.g. Twitter, Facebook, Instagram
  144. 144Uses of ICT in the home: Social networking advantages- Keep in touch with friends/family across the world
    - Cheap/easy way to advertise your business –
    - Make friends through interests of same things
    - Join groups with other people and expand them
    - Don’t need particular skill to set up login
    - Children can gain more confidence by talking to more people online
    - Schools are starting to use social media
  145. 145Uses of ICT in the home: Social networking disadvantages- Grooming – many people pretend to be different people
    - Bullying – many people are bullied by anonymous people and this can affect their life.
    - Pornography – many people can access your pictures which can attract stalkers
    Careful posting as employers can see what you have said and may fire you
    - Addiction – can constantly be on website and decline other factors of life.
  146. 146Uses of ICT in the home: Music downloads - uses- Can download any song you like
    - Can download them onto your phone, iPod, CD etc.
    - Once downloaded, can listen to them where ever you are
    - Easy to skip/repeat songs to suit preference
  147. 147Uses of ICT in the home: Music downloads - Advantages- Saves money buying entire album if you only want 2 songs from the album
    - Don’t have to leave to house to get the CD just download from anywhere
    - Quick and easy as only takes a couple of seconds
  148. 148Uses of ICT in the home: Music downloads - Disadvantages- Copyright
    - Illegal (aren’t paying the artist)
    - Takes up a lot of memory on device
    - Some costs may be hidden and users don’t realise they are being charged
    - Quality may not be perfect
    - Speed could be slow and take ages to download
  149. 149Uses of ICT in the home: Games - Necessary to use- Fast processor
    - Large screen
    - Large amount of RAM
    - Disk drive with plenty of storage
    - High quality graphic card
    - High quality sound card
    - Large powerful speakers
  150. 150Uses of ICT in the home: Games - Advantages- Young children can learn
    - Can make learning fun
    - Some are team games- encourages teamwork and meet friends
    - Lead to well paid employment – games designer etc.
    - Play around the world
    - Real life experiences
  151. 151Uses of ICT in the home: Games - Disadvantages- Can be addictive
    - Little physical activity takes place – lead to obesity
    - Can be violent and encourages people to be violent
    - Wastes time – has effect on school work
    - Health problems – repeated use, lead to RSI etc.
  152. 152Uses of ICT in the home: Mobile phones - Uses- Send and receive text messages
    - Make phone calls
    - Take digital photographs
    - Surf the internet
    - Watch live TV
    - Send and receive emails
    - Download and listen to music
    - Download and play games
    - Play videos
  153. 153Uses of ICT in the home: Mobile phones - advantages- Use anywhere with signal
    - Can easily contact people
    - Camera- take pictures where ever you are
    - Easily get access to the news
    - Quick and easy to use
    - Stay in touch with people
    - Map- if lost you can find way
  154. 154Uses of ICT in the home: Mobile phones - disadvantages- No service/battery means you cant use it for certain things
    - Lead to social interaction – don’t talk to people in real world
    - Large bills – may have gone over text/call/internet use
    - Phone hackers- if no password people can easily access phone
  155. 155Uses of ICT in the home: E-commerce- Selling goods and services over the internet
    - Businesses set up websites on the internet because:
    - they can advertise to more people
    - people can email with enquires, orders etc
    - they don’t have to have printed catalogues
  156. 156Uses of ICT in the home: E-commerce (Advantages)ADVANTAGES
    - Can buy 24 hours a day 7 days a week so don’t have to stick to shop opening times
    - No need to handle cash since all transactions are through cards
    - Less staff needed
    – more money for business
  157. 157Uses of ICT in the home: E-commerce (Disadvantages)- Lack of personal touch – no communication with workers, other shoppers
    - Can’t try things on or look at it face to face – may look different online
    - Only available with internet connection
  158. 158Uses of ICT in the home: Online banking- Customers can use banking online at anytime or anywhere they want to
    - They must have internet connection
    - Ability to check balance, transfer money, set up accounts, set up savings etc.
    - EFTPOS – banks can move money between one bank account to another electronically over computer networks. (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale)
  159. 159Uses of ICT in the home: Online banking (Advantages)-Customers don’t have to leave home to pay bills etc.
    -Savings on postal or travel costs -Pay bills at any time
    -No need to keep paper statements as they can be viewed at any time
    -Available 24/7
  160. 160Uses of ICT in the home: Online banking (Disadvantages)-Can be hacked into and money could be stolen
    -You cannot get cash, so will still need to travel to access cash machine
    -Older people may prefer personal service offered by banks
  161. 161Uses of ICT in the home: Card crimes and prevention*Stealing cards at ATMs/Stealing debit/credit cards
    - Don’t write down pin number
    - Don’t let anyone see you type in pin
    - Don’t take a photo of card
    *Credit card fraud on internet
    - Avoid buying products of unknown websites
    - Never enter your pin online
    *Counterfeit cards – when a clone of your card is made
    *Phishing – fraudsters send random emails asking people to update their account details – FAKE WEBSITE
  162. 162ICT in Education: CAL - Computer Assisted Learning- Computer assisted learning covers a whole range of computer based packages which aim to provide interactive instructions in a particular area or no a certain subject.
    - There are a variety of ways CAL can be run on a computer
    - The software can be run straight from a CD or DVD
    - It can be installed and run from a network on its own or in conjunction with a VLE
    - The software can be run over the internet.
  163. 163ICT in Education: CBT - Computer Based Training- Computer bases training uses ICT system for training in the workplace.
  164. 164ICT in Education: Features of CAL/CBT- Highly interactive
    - CAL/CBT both make use of multimedia features
    - Used for tutorials
    - Uses model/simulations
    - Used for revision
    - Encouragement
    - Games to make learning fun
    - Can be used for learning at a distance
  165. 165ICT in Education: Advantages of CAL/CBT- Students have flexibility as to where and when they want to learn
    - Materials are provided in lots of different ways such as text, voice, video, animations
    - Can access the material using a variety of different hardware such as laptop, PDA, mobile phone with MP3/4 player, iPod etc.
    - Keep people using them interested and motivated by the variety of activities.
  166. 166ICT in Education: Disadvantages of CAL/CBT- The software is often complex and uses lots of animation and graphics which makes it expensive
    - Students often need the interaction of their classmates in order to learn
    - Can present an opportunity for students to have break rather than work on the CAL/CBT PACKAGE
  167. 167ICT in Education: Video conferencing*Video conferencing enables two or more individuals in different locations to see and talk to each other and exchange audio, video or any other digital file, enabling users to share computer applications and even work concurrently on the same file
    *Video conferencing is used in schools for:
    - Distance learning
    - Conferences for schools
    - Virtual trips to places of interest
    - Collective working
  168. 168ICT in Education: Online learning/ E learning*Authoring software can be used to create multimedia products which can be used to teach a particular subject.
    *You can do a whole variety of courses online such as:
    - GCSE and a levels
    - Degree courses from many unis
    - Language courses
    - Job based courses
  169. 169ICT in Education: Advantages of distance learning/ E learning- Students can wok at their own pace
    - Students get immediate feedback on tests
    - No set lesson times
    - Can fit learning around work and family
    - Wide range of subjects - may not be able to do a particular subject locally.
  170. 170ICT in Education: Disadvantages of distance learning/ E learning- No social side
    - Lack of flexibility
    - Expensive
    - It is harder when working in isolation
    - Need more self control
    - Need to be motivated
  171. 171ICT in Education: Features of software packages- Presentation software
    - Software to be used with interactive
    - whiteboards
    - Tutorial software
    - Revision software
  172. 172ICT in Education: Revision programs- Revision programs are software that helps you revise for your exams and they provide a good and often fun way to building up knowledge about a subject and again most of them make use of multimedia features.
  173. 173ICT in Education: Multimedia*Making use of many media, such as:
    - Text
    - Image
    - Video
    - Sound
    - Still images
    - Interactive components
    - animation
  174. 174ICT in Education: Authoring software*Authoring is the process of certain a multimedia product such as a website, an interactive presentation, an interactive learning tool for CAL/CBT or instructional software for an electronic whiteboard.
    *Instead of combing text and graphics like a traditional author would do, other multimedia elements are combined to produce a multimedia product which makes use of the following:
    - Text
    - Graphics
    - Audio
    - Video
    - Games
    - Quizzes
    - Tests
    - Links to websites
    - Animations
  175. 175ICT in Education: Advantages of using authoring software- A novice can generally use the authoring software
    - No programming needed
    - Faster to develop an e-learning product
    - They automatically add the background programming code to allow the e-learning course to communication test results
  176. 176ICT in Education: Disadvantages of using authoring software- Not as flexible
    - Not able to perform certain tasks
  177. 177ICT in Education: Interactive whiteboards- Interactive whiteboards are widely used in classrooms and lecture theatres and allow lessons or lectures to be more engaging and exciting.
    - An interactive whiteboard is a large interactive display which makes use of a computer and a projector.
    - The user controls what happens by using a special pen, their finger or other input devices.
  178. 178ICT in Education: ICT used for school administration- Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
    - Wireless system
    - Smart cards
    - Swipe cards
  179. 179ICT in Education: Computer based methods of registration-Capture student attendance accurately
    - Capture student attendance automatically
    - Be very fast at recording attendance details
    - As far as possible avoid the misuse of the system
    - Enable not only morning and afternoon attendance to be recorded but also to record attendance at each lesson
    inexpensive
  180. 180ICT in Education: Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)- Once input the data about attendance is processed and reports can be generated outlining students for whom attendance is a problem.
    - The teacher or lecturer marks a students attendance by shading in boxes using a pencil. The forms are passed to the administration office where they are collected and batched together and processed automatically using an optical mark reader
  181. 181ICT in Education: Wireless system- Radio frequency identification obtains data stored on a stage using radio signals, which means that the reading device and tag do not have to come into contact with each other
    - This means that the data on the take which is usually attached to a credit card size plastic card can be read from a distance
  182. 182ICT in Education: Smart Cards- For monitoring attendance
    - For the payment for meals in the school canteen
    - For registration of students
    - For access to the site, buildings and rooms to improve security
    - For access to certain facilities such as the computer network, photocopier etc.
    To record borrowing
  183. 183ICT in Education: Swipe Cards- Students are given a swipe card which they use for registration purposes by swiping the card using a car reader.
  184. 184ICT in Education: Advantages of Swipe cards- The cost of the cards and the readers is low compared to other methods
    - Readers can be made which are almost vandal proof
  185. 185ICT in Education: Disadvantages of swipe cards- Cards are often lost
    - Students can be swiped in by anyone else
  186. 186ICT in Education: Biometric methods- A fast and easy way of recording students attendance at school or college.
    - Biometric methods make use of a feature of the human body that is unique to a particular person in order to identify them
  187. 187ICT in Education: Fingerprint recognition- Every fingerprint is different so fingerprinting provides a unique way of identifying people
  188. 188ICT in Education: Retinal scanning- Send a low level light beam into a persons eye and then analyse the reflected patterned
    - This pattern is coded in a similar way to the way fingerprints are coded and this code is then stored on a computer database
  189. 189ICT in Education: Advantages of using ICT systems fro school registration- Details are recorded almost in real time
    - Teachers have the administration burden removed
    - Not possible for student to abuse the system
    - Promotes health and safety
    - Encourages students to be responsible
    - Can be accessed using any terminal
  190. 190ICT in Education: Disadvantages of using ICT systems for school registration- Expensive
    - Human right issues when fingerprint systems are used
    - Readers must be clean or false reads can be produced
    - System can develop faults
  191. 191ICT in Education: Student record keeping*Schools and colleges keep the information about their students in a large database and this database would typically contain the following fields for the information about each student:
    - Unique pupil number
    - Surname
    - Forename
    - Dob
    - Gender
    - Position in family
    - Ethnic origin
    - Emergency contact detail
    - Name of the school
  192. 192ICT in Education: Student record keeping continued.*The database management system will be the following:
    - Any reports written about the student
    - National curriculum results sheets
    - Any important medical information about the student
    - Information on exclusions
    - Information on any major incidents involving the student
    - Exam results
    - Child protection reports
  193. 193ICT in Health: Sensors and computer control- Sensors are mainly used to measure heart rate, breathing rate, blood, oxygen, pulse and temperature
    - Their readings are used as digital and/or analogue inputs to computer systems
    - Can assist in performing repetitive tasks and signalling alerts if a problem arises
    - Can monitor a patient without the need for human observation – nurse free to do other tasks
    - Equipment can be costly
  194. 194ICT in Health: Electronic patient record keeping*In the past all patient records were kept on paper and this caused many problems which included:
    - Many medical staff needed to access the same patient records and sometimes they needed them simultaneously. The only way two doctors could access them at the same time would be to photocopy them which is expensive and wasteful.
    - Huge numbers of paper based records cause storage and retrieval problems.
    - Handwritten notes written quickly meant that others could not always understand them,
    - Patient records frequently went missing as doctors kept them to the medical records department.
    - Patient records filed in the wrong place meant many tests had to be repeated, wasting time and money,
    - Problems with notes not arriving ready for patient appointments.
    - Handwritten prescriptions could not be understood by the pharmacist and this wasted time.
  195. 195ICT in Health: Electronic patient keeping advantages*There are many advantages in storing data electronically rather than on paper and these include:
    - Patient details are available to be viewed wherever there is a terminal in some cases the details can be accessed on mobile devices such as laptops and PDAs.
    - There is only one set of data kept so it is easier to ensure the consistency of the data
    - Security is improved
    - It is much easier to back up the data.
    - You do not need to transport patient files from place to place as with the paper system.
    - Patient information is available in many different places instantly.
  196. 196ICT in Health: New and future developments of medical databases*The NHS national database
    - A database is currently being developed which will be the worlds largest database containing secure information about patients healthcare. The new database provides patient care records which will allow patient healthcare professionals quick access to reliable information about the patient.
    *The electronic prescription service
    - Electronic prescription service is a new service and will enable prescribers such as GP’s and practice nurses to send prescriptions electronically to a dispenser of the patients choice.
    *Patient identification
    - When a patient arrives at the hospital they are allocated a unique number, which in some cases is the NHS number. This number is important as it proves the key field for the patient database and it is used to distinguish between patients with the same name living at the same address.
  197. 197ICT in Health: Blood bar coding and tracking systems- Blood transfusions can cause a big risk to patients, if either the blood or the patient is incorrectly identified.
    - Putting the wrong blood into a patient can prove fatal so it is important that identification mistakes do not occur, Also there needs to be a way of determining who gave the blood and who received it, as many infections can be passed through blood products.
    - If in the future it was identified that either the donor or the recipient had a medical problem, then both could be identified.
    - bags used to blood transfusions are routinely bar coded with certain information at the blood pack before being delivered to the hospital.
  198. 198ICT in Health: How blood tracking works*Tracking blood is extremely important, so hospital use a computerised ICT system for this purpose, which works in the following way:
    1. Blood is taken from donors and is then tested to determine certain characteristics of the blood such as blood groups
    2. Blood is stored at the national blood transfusion service.
    3. Matched blood is sent to the hospital where is it kept in a blood bank/fridge.
    4. Hospital staff remove the required blood by first scanning their ID card.
    5. The patient who requires the transfusion has their bar ode on their wristband scanned using a handheld PDA. If it matches then the blood transfusion is given.
  199. 199ICT in Health: Advantages of the blood tracking- The system provides a full audit trail by identifying the member of staff who removed the blood, the time/date/location and time spent out of the fridge.
    - Eliminates the need for staff to keep paper records so saves time.
    - Eliminates the need for space to store the paper records, which means costs are lower.
    - Cross matching information electronically eliminates the risk of patients being given the wrong blood.
    - Provide security by allowing certain staff to access blood to match the patients needs if always available.
    - Can find the donor or receiver of the blood if there has been a danger of cross infection.
  200. 200ICT in Health: Other uses for bar coding in healthcare- Identifying lab specimens
    - Some patient paper based records contain a car code on the for identification

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