Karteikarten
ecology test one
Karten in diesem Stapel (78)
- 1what is ecologythe scientific study of the abundance and distribution of organisms in relation to other organisms and environmental conditions, interrelationships, and interactions
- 2predationorganism kills and consumes an individual
- 3parasitismorganisms lives in or on another organism
- 4herbivoreone organism consumes producers
- 5competitiontwo organisms that depend on the same resource have a negative effect on each other
- 6mutualismtwo species benefit from each other
- 7commensalismtwo species live in close association and one receives a benefit, while the other is unaffected.
- 8habitatthe place or physical and biological setting, where an organism lives
- 9nichethe range of abiotic and biotic conditions an organism can tolerate. no two species have the same one
- 10organismany form of life; a living individual
- 11speciesindividuals that are capable of interbreeding or share genetic similarity (taxonomic)
- 12populationindividuals of the same species living a particular area
- 13communitypopulations of different species living together in a particular area
- 14ecosystemcommunities and their abiotic environment in a particular space
- 15landscapemosaic of ecosystems
- 16biomevary large ecosystems of subcontinental dimensions and strong biotic continuity
- 17biosphereall the living material and their environment on the earth
- 18all the plants (trees, shrubs, and grasses) at the Lick creek bottom collectively is considered?a. population
b. community
c. ecosystem
d. landscape - 19systemcollection of two or more interactive parts
- 20emergent propertiesnew properties emerging from the interactive combination of parts. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.
- 21system hierarchysystems within a system. each level (of complexity) finds its explanations for mechanism in the levels below and its significance in the levels above.
- 22terrestrial communitiesoften categorized by dominant plant species. ex: beech-maple forest communities of Ontario; sage brush
- 23aquatic systemsoften categorized by a physical characteristics (eg stream or lake) or by dominant organisms (coral reef)
- 24holistic(F.E. Clements) "interdependent" communities are highly organized by previous evolution and current interactions. distinct, interdependent, association of species. discrete assemblages of organisms. superorganism
- 25individualist(H.A. Gleason) "independent" communities vary continuously in spaced along environmental gradient. individual species respond independently to environmental conditions. no obligatory association of species.
- 26gradient analysisplotting abundances of species along environmental gradients. line transect method
- 27under which conditions in Great Smokes would you see communities containing red oak, white oak, and beecha. low elevation, moist
b. low elevation, dry
c. high elevation, moist
d. high elevation, dry - 28ecotonea transition zone from one community to another. support a large number of species, including those from adjoining communities, and species specifically adapted to the ecotone
- 29edge v ecotoneabrupt v more gradual transition (function of scale)
- 30species diversitya combination of the number of species and their relative abundance defines species diversity
- 31richnesstotal number of species (variety)
- 32evennessdistribution of relative abundance (equitability)
- 33following are the relative abundance of 5 species in four hypothetical communities. which community has the second highest diversity measured by Shannon-wiener index?a. .5 .5 .0 .0 .0
b. .24 .24 .24 .24 .04
c. .25 .25 .25 .25 .0
d. .21 .21 .21 .21 .16 - 34keystone speciesecosystem engineers affect communities by influencing the structure of a habitat.
- 35intermediate disturbancehigher diversity
- 36low disturbancecompetitive exclusion by dominants species
- 37high disturbanceonly species tolerant of the stress can persist
- 38keystone species that are predators in a food web can increase species diversity bya. increasing the biomass of primary producer
b. removing competitive dominants
c. creating an intermediate disturbance
d. increasing production efficiency - 39food chaina sequence of organisms, each feeds on the proceeding
- 40food weba trophic system composed of interconnected food chains. arrow indicate consumption and movement of energy and nutrients
- 41trophic levelsplants (producers)
herbivores (primary consumer)
carnivores (secondary consumer)
top carnivore (tertiary consumer) - 42direct effectan interaction between two species that does not involve other species
- 43indirect effectan interaction between two species that involves one or more intermediate species. effects across communities.
- 44density mediated indirect effectan indirect effect caused by changes in the density of an intermediate species. effects across communities
- 45trait mediated indirect effectan indirect effect caused by changes in the traits/behavior of an intermediate species
- 46what happens to producer abundance when the top predator is removed in a food chain with four trophic levels?a. increase in 3-level and decrease in 4 level food chains
b. increase in both 3 and 4 level
c. decrease in both 3 and 4 level
d. decrease in 3 level increase in 4 level - 47successionthe process in which the species composition and abundance in a community change over time
- 48seral stageeach stage of community change during succession
- 49pioneer speciesthe species that arrive and establish in the early stage of a succession
- 50climax communitythe final (relatively stable) seral stage in the process of succession
- 51direct observationchanges over time is the clearest way to record succession in a community
- 52chronosequencea sequence of communities that exist over time at a given location.
- 53pollen recordslook back in time by examining pollen preserved in layers of lake and pond sediment.
- 54primary successionthe development of communities in habitats that are initially devoid of plants and organic soil
- 55hydroseresere from aquatic toward mesic (with moderate moisture) terrestrial
- 56xeroseresere from rock substrate toward mesic
- 57secondary successionsuccession in an area following destruction of the previous community
- 58which is the example of primary successiona. grass resprouting after a fire
b. moss growing on organic peat in a bog
c. lichens growing on an overturned boulder
d. fungus growing on a decaying log - 59island of Krakatau has provided an ideal setting for which successiona. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quanternary - 60changes in species diversity along successionduring succession, species richness increases rapidly at first followed by a plateau and a small decline. consistent across most cases of succession
- 61why is species richness likely to level off during successiona. free resources eventually get used up
b. only the very best competitors for nutrients persist
c. available niches get filled
d. large herbivores move in, limiting plant diversity - 62what would a Jaccards similarity index score of .8 tell you about the two communitiesa. no species in common
b. mostly different
c. same number of shared and unique
d. mostly similar0`897 - 63allogenicchanges in environmental condition eg weathering, sedimentation
- 64autogenicactivities of organisms over time eg immigration, growth, interactions
- 65facilitationa mechanism in which one species increases the probability that a second species can become established eg early successional species improve soil that allow other species to establish
- 66inhibitionone species decreases the probability that a second species will become established eg competition, predation, or parasitism. eg shading of late successional species prevent early successional species from colonizing and surviving
- 67priority effectthe arrival of species at a site affects the colonization of other species; often occurs through inhibition eg who establishes first may influence outcome of succession
- 68tolerancethe probability that a species can become established depends on its dispersal ability and its ability to persist under the physical conditions of the environment eg species that can tolerate the stressful environmental conditions of early succession can become established quickly
- 69energythe capacity to do work
- 70conservation lawfirst law of thermodynamics. energy can never be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed
- 71entropy lawsecond law of thermodynamics. there are heat dispersal from all storage and all processes (no energy transformation is 100 % efficient)
- 72primary productivitythe rate at which energy is captured and assimilated by producers in an area
- 73GPPNPP + R
- 74NPPGPP-R
- 75trophic pyramidpyramid of energy or biomass
- 76if we take a "ballpark estimate" of 10% for ecological efficiencies of herbivores and carnivores, what percentage of the energy content of net primary production would we expect to find in production at the third (carnivore) trophic levela. .01%
b. .1%
c. 1%
d. 10% - 77ecological efficiencynet production energy of a trophic level/ net production energy of the next lower trophic level
- 78assimilationrespired (respiration). 1 . standard metabolism 2. specific dynamic action 3. thermoregulation 4. cost of a free existence.
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- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am ecology test one, erstellt von Caroline Stockdale am 25/09/2015.
- Erstellt von
- Caroline Stockdale
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