Karteikarten
Chapter 11 flash cards
Karten in diesem Stapel (8)
- 1Problem SolvingKey questions: diff types? how are they solved? why is rep important?
Problem: various e.g. life hindrence, activity
"need to accomplish a goal but don't know how"
Protocol analysis - think aloud while prob solving and analysed for WM info verbalized (LTM transfer to WM)
Diff strategies and indiv diffs - experts use bio knowledge vs contextual knowledge - more clinical terms - real life application - 2Simple Problem Solving part 1Focus on rep rather than needing b/g knowledge (novices)
Gestalt: whole greater than sum of parts
goal structuring and reps important
Restructuring e.g. X ray - insight & think aloud
Sets: habitual strategy impedes problem solving e.g. water jug
Functional fixity: using an object in a novel way e.g. candle containers or steam trains irl
Reps: Tower of Hanoi - state space diagram - moves and corresponding states - constraints/rules
Isomorphs - two problems with same state space - can reveal diffs e.g. diff rules (move/change) = diff levels of diff - 3Simple Problem Solving part 2Internal rep - processing and rep burdens re encoding and storage re rules
External - implicit rules, e.g. constraints from environment, no need to internalise
makes p solving easier
Info processing - PS as search for solution - f/wards or b/wards - actions or start w goal and work back
Tower of Hanoi involves holding goals and results in limited capacity WM - one action at a time, return to start and re-explore - systematic, progressive deepening - look ahead - avoids going in circles
Info processing and insight - restructuring reps - psolver generates actions/operators from LTM - cued by prob rep - apply operator to prob -> new prob state and further operators. If misleading initial rep - no useful operators - mental block/impasse, can overcome by changing rep e.g. add new info or elaborate e.g. change encoding, mane goals less restrictive - constraint relaxation - 4Analogical Problem SolvingUse old solution to solve new problem
Analogous story e.g. castle and soldiers - then x ray = better solving plus better match = better solving
Need to retrieve and utilise analogous story to solve probs - analogous paradox - real life analogies and deep stucture, lab - superficial and less pressure for deeper encoding - unfamiliar story - can explain findings that hint to use story - deeper structural rep
Structure Mapping: analogical mapping - structural alignment between base and target reps - connecting the situations - computer model = structural mapping engine
Basic analogies - diff base analogies for understanding electrical flow - fluid through pipe better for battery prob - 5Complex Problem Solving part 1Requires extensive b/g knowledge - experts (mental capacity or knowledge?)
adversary - w/opponent vs non-adversary - w/o opponent
Chess - superior info processing - think aloud while playing - no quant diff btwn experts and skilled - recall reconstruction experts better but when no mem task still experts better - down to moves - more knowledge and better organisation and accessibility - skill dep on acquisition and usage of domain knowledge
Experts work f/wards - protocol anal - novices work b/wards - experts use domain knowledge to generate good rep of problem - 6Complex Problem Solving part 2Experts have better reps - think aloud while categorizing - no quant diff but qual e.g. surface vs deeper structure (physics laws) - more efficient p solvers
Practice makes perf - power law of practice - various evidence, indiv and seq task components executed more efficiently and qual changes occur re reps of task
declarative knowledge from WM used in larger chunks - shift from alg to mem processing
Ericsson re start early to become expert - takes many hours/years
Indiv diffs e.g. same skill level but better perfomance bc efficient encoding strategies - implies indiv diffs within experts as well as between experts and novices
Modal model - chess model of expertise - pattern recog hyp - dependent on pattern ability from LTM - also applies to non-adversary e.g. physics - link btwn expertise and knowledge - expertise depends on acquisition and organisation of domain rel knowledge and skill in LTM
criticised bc lack of explanatory power (more descriptive) - over use of paradigm constraints findings as experts 'knowing more' which we already know is only part of it - 7Prospects for Problem Solving Research part 1Chess skill and memory - skill found w/o memory so mem doesn't determine skill - skill unrelated to recall of random positions - playing strength not mem
Generic and specific methods - lack of domain knowledge revert to generic? design experiment re reasoning - confirmed lack of dk -> generic - against domain specificity - support from protocol anal - support for domain general skills
Indiv diffs in learners - shift from what novices lack to how they learn - good/bad - map task - good = efficient encoding of spatial info and attention to gaps in knowledge - comp programming - good learners use meta cog processes and strategies
Novices defined by how much explanation generated while psolving - protocol anal - good learners: spontaneous self explanation - prompts to self explain aided learning - qual over length of explanation - 8Prospects for Problem Solving Research part 2Role of skill acq - b/ward anal can have neg effect on skill acq bc over emphasis on goal overloads system so less resources for retrieving rel info
goal/non goal tasks (goal - b/ward, non goal - f/ward) - goal biases means end so less emphasis on goal = better learning and skill acq
Alt expl: goal specificity and systematicity - non specific goals aided learning bc more hyp testing - distinction btwn learning and psolving
Ignore irrel info - if two sources we choose first - saves processing of irrel info - at odds w/skill acq theory
Experts differ? homogeneous assumption e.g. 'typical' expert - experts in UNIX same command knowledge diff usage - specialists not experts? impossible to know all info in some domains - diff kinds of expertise
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Chapter 11 flash cards, erstellt von hperl89 am 26/09/2015.
- Erstellt von
- hperl89
- Aufrufe
- 0
- Bewertung
Mehr zu Problem Solving and Creativity