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- 1roll cells and cone cellsGCPR- rhodopsin
( modulates ion channels in the cells) - 2trans- retinalwhen light is absorbed by the retinal, causes cis-trans to switch
- activates G protein ( transducin) - 3rhodopsin7 transmembrane domain receptor protein
- 4transducinG protein
- 5activated Transducincauses activation of phosphodiesterase in the membrane of light-sensing organelle in rod cell
- 6activation of PDElowers concentration of cGMP in cell, closes a cGMP gates NA/CA channel
- 7closing Na/Ca channelcauses transient hyperpolarization of rod cell, signaling to brain that light has been detected
- 8nuclear receptor dimerizationactivated receptors bind in dimerized pairs
- 9homodimerscan be molecules of the same receptor-
- 10heterodimerscan be dissimilar receptor molecules
- 11transcriptional enhancereor repressor that can either stimular or inhibit formation of RNA polymerase II
- 12activation domaincontacts molecules: co-activators/ co-repressors that link receptor to transcriptiona; initiation complex
results in: increase or decrease in transcription - 13paracrine secretionsecretion of signaling molecules into interstitial fluids
- 14neurotransmittersreleased from neurons, target close cells with axonal synapse
- 15neurohormonessecretion of signaling molecules via neurosecretory process- distal effect
- 16adrenal glandsfound on top of kidneys, right/left
- 17adrenal cortex ( in adrenal glands)secretes steroid hormones, derived from primitive mesenchymal glandular tissue
- 18adrenal medullachromaffin cells are controlled by neural inputs from the autonomic nervous system
- 19hormones secreted by chromaffin cellscatecholamines- flight or fight hormone
1. epinephrine ( adrenaline)
2. norepinephrine ( non- adrenaline) - 20norepinephrineneurotransmitter, DOES NOT act as neurotrasnmitter when secreted by chromaffin cells
- 21neurohormonewhen norepinephrine is secreted by chromaffin cells, it flows in the blood
- has similar effects as epinephrine - 22Epinephrinealways acts as a HORMONE
- 23secreted by neuronsdopamine and norepinephrine
- 24secreted by neurons and chromaffinnorepinerphnine
- 25ONLY synthesized and secreted by chromaffin cellsepinephrine
- 26neurotransmittersdopamine and norepinephrine
- 27catecholaminesall act as neurohormones are taken up by nerve/ target cells after being secreted
uptake is IMPORTANT when they are secreted as neurotransmitters - 28metabolism of circulating catecholminesoccurs in liver, done by COMT and MAO
- 29catecholamines receptorsa- adrenergic and B- adrenergic receptors
--> differentiated by their relative binding affinities - 30membrane receptors1. extracellular ligand-binding domain
2. intracellular catalytic domain - 31tyrosine kinase activityundergoes autophosphorylation, leads to a conformational change allowing binding and catalytic phosphorylation
- 32guanylyl cyclaseconvert GTP to cGMP, secondary messenger
- 33insulin bindingbinds to extracellular domains of the receptor, activates catalytic domain inside cell
- 34what does the catalytic domain do?phosphorylates Tyr residue in another receptor
- 35wallows binding and phosphorylation of protein IRS-1
- 36insulin signaling cascade1. binds insulin, undergoes autophosphorylation on carboxyl - Tyr residue
2. insulin receptors phosphorylates IRS-1 on tyr residues
3. SH2 domain binds to P- or Tyr of IRS-1. Sos binds to Grb2, then to Ras, causing GDP to release GTP
4. activated Ras binds to Raf-1
5. Raf-1 phosphorylates MEK on 2 residues activating it. MEK phosphorylates ERK on Thr and Tyr residue activating it
6. ERK moves to nucleus
7. ELK-1 joins SRF to stimulate transcription and translation - 37what do receptor Tyrosine kinases have?C- helix
- P loop
- activation loop
have SH2 domains to bind phosphotyrosine residue - 38RDARecommended dietary allowances- table of suggestions for dietary intake
remember food label suggestions
only for mineras, vitamins, protein - 39RDIrecommended daily intake of VITAMINS and minerals for certain age groups
- 40DRVdaily reference values
- recommended for protein and some proteins that dont have RDA - 41DVRDI+DRV
how much of a nutrient is contained in a serving for someone consuming 2000
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Dulce Soni am 14/04/2022.
- Erstellt von
- Dulce Soni
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