Karteikarten
Geog 308 test 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (44)
- 1the plan1980s
montreal protocol
dominant assumptions which frame the problem of CC and offer the solution
knowledge > action > change
Problems: not linear, politics and sci dont align, econ interest, understanding pluralistic, disinfo compaigns, not rational - 2pluralistic framingmarket failure
tech hazard
global injustice
overconsumption
mostly natural
tipping point - 3system, why do we careset of things that're connected to eachother,
understand implications of decisions, lag time, reach thresholds or see abrupt changes - 4stocka store, amount, built up over time, snapshot of time,
accumulations of flows - 5flowrate at which something adds/subtracts something from a stock, measure of time
- 6feedbacksamplifying- flow affects stock in a way that makes effect stronger
stabilizing- feedback acts to bring the system back to a new equilibrium - 7climate variabilityvariations in the mean state/stats of climate on all temporal and spatial scales
- 8Climate changestatistically significant variation in the mean persisting for an extended period
- 9AtmosphereCO2, water vapor, methane, oxides of N, Ozone
have sig impact on earths climate and weather - 10water vapormost important GHG, most abundant
natural GH effect
varies
doesnt accumulate, doesnt change concentrations, short life - 11CO2respiration/volcanoes/decay/combustion
photosynthesis/seasonal variations
reserves, exchange rates, net changes - 12ozone15-50km up,
troposphere- created naturally and by photochem reactions, in high concentrations is harmful, minor GHG,
stratosphere- interaction btwn UV and molecular oxygen
depletion of good oxygen- absorbs most UV, has holes, CFCs and Halons - 13groundlevel ozonefrom human made emissions,
causes respiration problems and plant damage - 14methanevariable gas, increasing,
effective absorber of terrestrial radiation
released through fossil fuel actvity - 15structure of atmosphere, thermal layerstroposphere warms and cools to stratosphere which warms bc ozone, mesosphere cools, thermosphere warms bc absorbs extreme UV
troposphere- 80% atmosphere mass, weather, breathable, tropopause changes - 16solar insolationamount of electromagnetic energy that reaches the surface of earth,
primary heat source,
most gases in atompshere transparent to - 17global energy budgetbalance btwn incoming solar radiation, absorption of terrestrial radiation, and outgoing radiation (solar and terrestrial)
- 18solar radiationradiation emitted by sun, changes by 7% annually,
- 19albedofraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface
- 20greenhouse effectthe heating of the surface due to the presence of atmosphere contained gases that absorb and emit longwave radiation
- 21radiative forcinga measure of the influence that a climate factor has in altering the balance of energy
- 22climate warmingenhanced GH effect and positive radiative forcing
- 23latitudinal energy balanceradiative equilibrium varies by lat.,
concentrated near equator,
net surplus at equator, net deficit at poles, air movement creates ocean and wind currents - 24atmospheric circulationstemp and pressure differnces cause large scale horiz energy transfer throug avection,
3 cell model - 253 cell modelhadley cells- tropics air heated and diverges when expanded, strength increases during cold season with thermal contrasts maximized,
polar cells- very cold temps, dense air resulting in sinking and high pressure, warmer air pulled aloft to replace it
ferrel cells- lie btwn, dependent on air movement - 26Global thermohaline circulationsurface currents forced by friction btwn ocean and wind, ind imparts momentum on ocean,
heat distribution,
density driven circulation caused by diff temps and salinity - 27global warming potentiala measure of how much energy a gas traps in atmosphere relative to CO2,
depends on absorption of IR, which wavelengths absorbed, lifetime - 28forcing mechanismsa process that alters the energy balance,
solar output, earths orbit, atmospheric composition, tectonics - 29variations in solar outputwarmer in past bc GH effect,
solar output regularly changes bc sunspots,
during high freq times of sun spots solar radiation decreases - 30changes in earths orbiteccentricity- shape of orbit changes 100000yrs 1-11%,
precision of equinox- axis of rotation changes 27000yr cycle alternating timing and intensity of seasons,
obliquity- earths wobble on axis/tilt, 41000yr, 22.1-24.5 degrees
(milankovitch cycles) - 31changes in atmospheric compositionaerosols- human and natural, affect absorption/transmission/reflection of insolation and terr. radiation and energy balance
strat. aerosols smaller and stable conditions so reside longer,
GHGs - 32changes in land configuration and surface characteristicsposition of land effects absorption, radiation,
continental drift- veg and ice formation,
tectonics through mountains and volcanoes - 33geoengineeringdeliberate manipulation of earth to counteract CC, mitigation
- 34natural processesphotosynthesis,
respiration and decay,
atmos exchange with oceans,
geologic processes (volcanoes, weathering of rocks take CO2 out of atmosphere) - 35global greenhouse emissions highest sectorsheat/electricity
transportation
industrial
agri and land use change - 36geog of emissionshighest for china, india, US and russia
- 37total emissionshighest for china, US, india, russia
- 38total emissions per capitahighest for canada, US, australia (smaller population with lots of land)
- 39fingerprintsincreased industrial C,
less heat escaping, more returning,
oceans warming,
nights and winters warming,
stratosphere cooling,
climate models and emissions to explain warming - 40Fouriercolder if lacked atmosphere, natural green house effect, 1824
- 41tyndallgases have varied capacities to absorb/transmit radiant heat,
change in concentration changes climate
1850s - 42arrheniushot house theory,
global warming from human caused CO2 emissions, 1896 - 43keelingmeasure of atmosphere CO2,
upward trend,
keeling curve,
1960s - 44nature perspectivescapricious- resource lottery, not controlable, cope
perverse- unstable, resources scarce, controlable, regulation
benign- stable, resources abundant
egalitarian- precarious balance, resources depleting
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- Karteikarten am Geog 308 test 1, erstellt von Megan Bender am 05/10/2015.
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- Megan Bender
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