Karteikarten
week 1.1
Karten in diesem Stapel (24)
- 1MCADAMS what is the 'psychological self'?a reflexive arrangement of the subjective ‘I’ and the constructed ‘Me’, which evolves and expands over the course of life.
- 2semantic vs. episodic knowledge about the selfsemantic: trait-based.
episodic: event-based.
information from concrete personal experiences (episodic) is summarised into general semantic categories (trait labels) that one can retrieve. are thus highly correlated. - 3what is the actor-agent-author framework? short summary without explanation of the termsan integrative theory of the self that asserts that humans (the ‘I’) understand themselves (the ‘Me’) from 3 different standpoints (actor, agent, and author), which emerge at different points in their developmental trajectories. Importantly, these layers are not autonomous things or distinct roles that a person might play. They all exist at any given time and place.
- 4explanation of 'social actor'how you begin life, struggling to regulate itself to perform effectively in the social stages of human life. emerges at 2-3 yo.
Over the course of life, people reflexively observe their own performances as social actors and monitor the reactions of others: these reactions determine one’s social reputation. Behaviors that are reinforced will be repeated over time, while those that are punished or ignored may decrease or even extinguish. - 5explanation of 'motivated agent'broadens focus to the future in the form of conscious goal pursuit. emerges in middle childhood.
the self as a motivated agent only develops when they consciously set goals and plans for their daily lives and organize their behavior and self-understanding to be consistent with them. - 6Over the course of one’s life, understanding of the self as a motivated agent develops: children will internalize a theory of mind and gradually integrate their goals with roles of the social actor. what is the theory of mind?the understanding that other people have their own thoughts and feelings.
- 7explanation of 'autobiographical author'emerges in late adolescence and adulthood.
People create meaning and purpose in their lives by constructing self-defining stories. The I becomes the author of the story of the Me, aiming to integrate the past, present, and future (narrative identity).
The development of narrative identity begins with autobiographical memory but also requires autobiographical reasoning. Over the lifespan, narrative identity continues to develop, becoming more nuanced and integrative as one grows older. - 8autobiographical reasoninga wide set of interpretive operations through which people draw on autobiographical memories to make inferences about who they are and what their lives mean.
These include skills like deriving organizing themes in one’s life and sequencing personal experiences into causal chains. - 9Each of the layers of the self has a central psychosocial problem or challenge for selfhood. These problems overlap and interact in many ways and can be understood from the 3 different perspectives. Which are these 3 problems for the self? without explanation1. self-regulation (about the actor)
2. self-esteem (about the agent)
3. self-continuity (identity) (about the author) - 10explanation of 'self-regulation'the extent to which the self (the I) has reflexive control over its (the Me’s) feelings, thoughts, impulses, and behaviors in social settings. It is the way the self keeps itself in check to minimize social punishment and maximize social reward.
- 11explanation of 'self-esteem'the extent to which the self (the I) feels good about itself (the Me). It involves the evaluative attributions that the I makes regarding the Me’s worth. The extent to which one is able to achieve goals appears to be a large determinant of self-esteem.
- 12explanation of 'self-continuity (identity'the extent to which the I apprehends the Me to be continuous in space and time. Generally, the I may construct a different Me for many different situations, while it aims to construct continuity over time in 2 forms:
1. phenomenological continuity
2. narrative continuity - 13explanation of phenomenological continuitya basic, moment-by-moment feeling that the I continues to exist as the same locus of feeling, thought, and consciousness
(e.g. you expect to wake up as the same person when you go to bed at night). - 14explanation of narrative continuitya constructed sense of self as a character in one’s life story. In this form,
continuity is demonstrated by a narrative of how the self has changed and how it remained the same over time.
In narrative discontinuity, one might not know who they really are or want to be (identity crisis). - 15culture relates to selfhood in different ways for the different layers. what are these three different ways and for which layer?1. behavioural expression, for the actor.
2. articulation of goals, for the agent.
3. psycho-literary menu, for the author. - 16explanation of how the behavioural expression (for the actor) is influenced by cultureCulture provides norms and constraints for the behavioral expression of an actor’s traits and roles. Social roles entail different behaviors, duties, and customs in different societies.
- 17explanation of how 'articulation of goals' (for the agent) is influenced by cultureCulture provides timetables, scripts, and strong priorities for the agent’s articulation of goals and values. Different cultures (e.g. individualistic vs. collectivistic) emphasize different types of goals (e.g. self- actualization vs. social harmony).
- 18explanation of how 'psycho-literary menu' (for the author) is influenced by cultureCulture provides the psycho-literary menu off of which the author chooses the images, metaphors, and narratives that can be used to make narrative identity. Narrative identities are constructed to make sense in one’s own culture, while it might not make sense in another (e.g. a narrative identity including encounters with spirits might make sense in some ancient tribes but not in our current Western society).
Further, there are differences in autobiographical memories between cultures (Americans provide more memories of individual events, while Chinese recall more social and historical events). - 19go through the summary table
- 20TOMASELLO ET AL. what is the interdependence hypothesis?the idea that at some point, humans created situations in which collaborating with others was necessary for survival and procreating, inevitably leading to altruism. Altruism resulted because individuals naturally wanted to help the collaborative partners on whom they had to depend.
- 21the interdependence hypothesis proposes 2 key steps through which human cooperation has evolved. what are these two steps? without explanation1. obligate collaborative foraging
2. group-mindedness - 22explanation of 'obligate collaborative foraging'In the context of collaborative foraging (acquiring food), humans had to create various coordination strategies together (to share, coordinate hunting, prevent free riding) which they could communicate to others within and across generations. This led to the evolution of new skills and motivations for collaboration (joint intentionality).
Importantly, this collaboration was small-scale, only existing during the collaboration itself but not after the foraging trip was over. - 23explanation of 'group-mindedness'Small-scale collaboration worked well for foraging groups but as populations started to grow and there was increasing competition between groups, there was a growing need for:
• Large-group coordination: coordination with relative strangers, while still knowing they were from within the group (and therefore trustworthy).
• Large-group social selection: control of free riding and cheating.
Thus, group identification became critical, resulting in cultural conventions, norms, and institutions (collective intentionality). - 24baldwin's the fire next timecheck arjen's message on what to study
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- university personality & personality disorders Karteikarten am week 1.1, erstellt von Sabine - am 06/06/2022.
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