Karteikarten
tema 2
Karten in diesem Stapel (16)
- 1what are the major changes in the Renaissance world from religious, cultural and historical points of view?1. tudor monarchy appears
2. real power acquires a power superiority over feudal power
3 The Calvinist and Lutheran reformation of Henry VII is carried out for dynastic reasons ( for not obtaining the annulment on his marriage with Catherine of Aragon )
4. There is a rise of humanism and Renaissance aesthetics
5. And finally, it is created a theological reform that gives rise to the first translations of the Bible - 2who were the Tudor rulers of England?The Tudor rulers of England remained on the throne from 1485 to 1685. They were:
1 Henry VII= he wanted to return to a glorious past of England
2 Henry VIII= married to Ann Boleyn, his second wife -> in 1534 he declared himself head on earth of the Church of England in the Act of Supremacy
3 Edward VI (1547-1553) died at 40
4 Mary I (1553-1559) known as Bloody Mary
5 Elisabeth I 1559-1603 daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn, known as the virgin Queen (she never married ) -> England managed to defeat the invincible armada -> times of flourishing of economy, art, and culture
6 James I of England and VI of Scotland 1603-1625
7 Charles I king of England , Scotland ( Stuart ), and Ireland; there was a civil war between 1642-1649 which was a fight of the king's supporters (conservative, cavaliers) against the parliament; finally, he was beheaded in 1649
8. Common wealth 1649-1660 republic government known as the 11 years tyranny Oliver (puritan) and Richard Cromwell
9 Charles II 1660-1685 beginning of Early Modern period and end of the Restoration in 1685 (return to monarchy) - 3What is humanism? Describe the importance of Sir Thomas More to the humanist movement in Europe.England experimented a cultural renaissance because of the influences of other European countries knows as Humanism, promoted by Henry VIII. It is a philosophical current that gives importance to man and to his individualism. It seeks from of social organization through political action with the aim of developing knowledge and erudition in order to create doctrines.Some important humanists were Erasmus of Rotterdam, Martin Luther, John Lyly, and Juan Luis Vives.
Sir Thomas More was one of the most important humanists too: He promoted humanism through his work Utopia in 1516 (place that doesn't exist) which shows a society similar to modern states; therefore, in this way, he contributed to the development of knowledge - 4Describe the religious situation in England at the times of Henry VIII? What are the main causes and factors of the religious reformation?Henry VIII is the best known for his six marriage, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine to Aragon) annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about this annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority.
In 1534, Henry VII declared himself head on earth of the Church of England in the Act Supremacy, which gives rise to the first translations of the Bible. This was a radical change, since previously, almost all bibles had been written in Latin so were unreadable for ordinary people. - 5What are the major political and cultural achievements during the reign go Elisabeth I?Elisabeth I, who was daughter of Henry VII and Ann Boleyn and known as the Virgin Queen (she never married), reigned from 1559 to 1603. During her reign, there were some relevant political and cultural achievements such as the defeat of the Spanish armada against the English fleet of Elisabeth I, and the flourishing of economy, art and culture
- 6What is the literary importance of Sir Thomas Wyatt? In what senses can his poetry be said to be Petrarchan?Sir Thomas Wyatt, who was a 16th century English politician, ambassador and lyric poet, is one of the most important characters in history of English literature as he introduced the sonnet.
His poetry can be said Petrarchan since a significant amount of his literary output consists of translations and imitations of sonnets by the Italian poet Petrarch. These sonnets consists of an "octave" rhyming abba abba, followed by a "sestet" with various rhyme schemes. Even though Wyatt employs the Petrarch octave, his most common sestet is cddc ee - 7What are Sir Philip Sidney’s major contributions to the literature of the sixteenth century?Sir Philip Sidney represents the perfect renaissance. Apart from being a poet, he was also a man of letter, a soldier, a member of the aristocracy, and the ideal gentleman of his day. He belongs to the Sidney’s, a family of important writers such as Lady Marty Wroth or the countess of Pembroke (his sister). His major contributions to the literature of the 16th century were:
1. The defence of poetry = he was influenced by Aristoteles
2. The countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia (positive imaginary place) = he dedicated this work to his sister, the
countess of Pembroke. It is a heroic prose romance
3. Astrophel (love of star) and Stelle (star) = this work includes sonnets of satisfaction out of his love, and sonnets
of disappointment when desire is consummated - 8What are the major innovations that Shakespeare brought to the English sonnet?William Shakespeare and Sir Philip Sidney published the English sonnet, whereas Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced it. They varied the rhythm of the Petrarchan sonnet and created the Shakespearean sonnet in 1609. These sonnets show love as a lived experience, not as a realized longing. In addition, they question Platonic ideals, and they use Elizabethan resources, metaphors, and a complex language. These sonnets often feature characters such as mature men or young men with women in a love triangle
- 9What are the defining features of John Donne’s poetry and the so-called metaphysical poets? What is the origin and meaning of that term?John Donne was one of the so-called metaphysical poets. They were called “metaphysical poets” since they used conceits to fuse the sensory and the abstract, trading on elements of surprise to hold the reader’s attention.
This term was originated with the classification of two main types of conceit: Petrarchan and metaphysical. On the
one hand, the Petrarchan conceit was popularized by the Italian classic poet Francesco Petrarch; on the other hand,
the metaphysical was mainly promoted by John Donne, Andrew Marvell, Abraham Cowley, and John Cleveland. - 10Provide instances of the classicism of the so-called “cavalier poets”Followers of Ben Jonson include the so-called cavalier poets. Their name is due to their aristocratic background and their political sympathies for King Charles I against the Puritans or “Roundheads” (as they have horses, they were called cavaliers). Some instances of cavalier’ poets are:
Sir John Suckling
Robert Herrick = he imitated the master’s variety of classical form of Jonson
Richard Lovelace = he imitated Jonson’s simple forms and diction.
Their poetry is a reaction against the complicated, ridiculous style and content of the metaphysical poets - 11Define tragedy and comedy according to Sir Philip Sidney’s Defence of PoesyIn 1580, Sir Philip Sidney published a manuscript called “defence of Poesy”. In this work, Sidney claims the superiority of poetry to history and philosophy in questions of moral virtue. In this manuscript, tragedy and comedy play an important role:
On the one hand, according to Sir Philip Sidney’s, tragedy can be defined as an imitation of noble actions in a representation with a mix of admiration and commiseration, where it is taught the uncertainty of the world. Sidney claims that it makes kings fear to be tyrant while tyrants manifest their humours.
On the other hand, comedy would be an imitation of the common errors of our life represented in the most ridiculous way, so as it is impossible that any beholder can be content to be such a one. - 12Describe the public theatres of Elizabethan London. What are their major features in terms of architecture, performance conditions and theatregoing?At the end of the 15th century, plays were not performed in a particular place, but moved from one place to another. Nevertheless, around the end of the 16th century, several playhouses were built (the first one was called simply “The Theatre” in 1576). Unlike previous periods, these theatres were mostly located in London’s area (The most important business centre in England). They were mainly located in two areas:
1. the area North of the wall were public theatres as The Red Bull, The Theatre and the Curtain were located
2. the Southwark area. This is the area of important public theatres as The Swan, the Rose and the Globe
These playhouses were under the control of professional acting companies that were under the patronage of members of the aristocracy.
The architecture of these theatres can be divided into four parts:
1. The stage = the Proscaenium. They were two doors to come into the stage
2. The tiring house = Miorum aedes for machinery
3. The pit = Planities sive arena
4. And the galleries = Porticus - 13Define the structure and major themes of the Shakespearean soliloquy, using Hamlet as an example.Shakespearean tragedy displays a great variety of themes like violence (Titus), romantic love (Romeo and Juliet), revenge (Hamlet), hesitancy to act (Hamlet), tyranny (Macbeth), the power of fate (Macbeth), political error, old age, and family relations (Hamlet).
Shakespeare’s use of blank verse reached its aesthetic climax in his tragedies, especially in his soliloquies: long speeches spoken by the main tragic characters, in which they reveal their thoughts, emotions or plans to the audience. For instance, In Hamlet’s most famous soliloquy (“To be or not to be, that is the question...”), we find a meditation on suicide. - 14What are the major themes of Shakespearean comedy?Shakespeare’s major comedies were written and performed in public theatres before 1603, the year of Queen Elizabeth’s death.
Shakespeare’s comic plots are mostly romantic, involving desire, love intrigues, cross-dressing heroines and ending in marriage. Some of the most relevant romantic comedies are Love’s Labour’s Lost, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, and As You Like It.
Shakespeare’s comedies combine verse (for the romantic action of aristocrats) and prose (the language of lower- class characters). - 15What are the main issues explored in Christopher Marlowe’s tragedies? How does Marlowe represent tragic heroism?Christopher Marlowe is known to have popularized the heroic style in tragedy though the two parts of Tamburlaine the Great (1587) which are well known for its epic character and high style.
Marlowe brought the first Machiavellian villain to the English stage (Barabbas in The Jew of Malta) and, he also wrote the first masterpiece of the English history play: Edward II (1592).
Apart from these facts, Marlowe is generally known for its play “Doctor Faustus” (1593); it is about an infamous German scholar who made a pact with Satan in exchange for pleasure and knowledge. Marlowe portrays Faustus as a mixture of hero and villain. - 16What label is frequently used in order to describe Ben Jonson’s comic model? What does this model consist of?To describe Ben Jonson’s comic model, we often use the label “Ben Jonson and City Comedy “. This label is because his comedies portray London life and expose human folly, obsession, and vice, providing instructions by negative examples in his main comedies: Every Man in his humour, Volpone, the Alchemist, and Bartholomew Fair
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- C1 literatura ingles Karteikarten am tema 2, erstellt von Marta Naveira am 25/05/2024.
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