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Surveying Lec

Cassy Rivera Englisch 63 Karten

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  1. 1has traditionally been defined as the science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the Earth’s surface, or of establishing such points.Surveying
  2. 2Its earliest applications were in measuring and marking boundaries of property ownership.Surveying
  3. 3Throughout the years, its importance has steadily increased with the growing demand for a variety of maps and other spatially related types of information and the expanding need for establishing accurate line and grade to guide construction operations.Surveying
  4. 4The oldest historical records in existence today that bear directly on the subject of surveying state that this science began in Egypt.Egyptians
  5. 5recorded that Sesostris (King of Egypt) divided the land of Egypt into plots for the purpose of taxation.Herodotus
  6. 6Early surveyors were calledrope stretchers
  7. 7developed the science of geometry.Greek thinkers
  8. 8applied science to surveying in 120B.C.Heron
  9. 9He authored ________ which related the methods of surveying a field, drawing a plan, and making related calculations. It also described one of the first pieces of surveying equipment recorded, ______.The Dioptra, the diopter
  10. 10Significant development in the art of surveying came from the practical-minded Romans.Romans
  11. 11Ingenious instruments were developed and used. Among these were the ___________groma (used for sighting),
    the labella (an A-frame with a plumb bob for
    leveling), and the chorobates (horizontal
    straightedge for leveling).
  12. 12The art of surveying advanced more rapidly. The need for maps and location of national boundaries caused England and France to make extensive surveys requiring accurate triangulation; thus geodetic surveying began.18th and 19th Century
  13. 13is the simplest type of surveying in which the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of triangles. The length of the sides are measured and the interior details are recorded. The whole area is then plotted in a suitable scale to produce a map.Chain Surveying
  14. 14is a type of surveying in which the plot of the land to be surveyed is enclosed by a series of straight lines making angles with one another. The length of the lines and the angles are measured and plotted with all interior details on a drawing sheet to a suitable scale to produce a map.Traverse Surveying
  15. 15is a graphical method of surveying in which the field works and the plotting are done simultaneously. It is particularly adopted in small mapping.Plane Table Surveying
  16. 16is a type of surveying in which the relative elevations of different points on the surface of the Earth are determined.Ordinary Leveling
  17. 17Plane surveying can be divided into the following:1. Chain Surveying
    2. Traverse Surveying
    3. Plane Table Surveying
    4. Ordinary Leveling
  18. 18utilizes a network of well-defined triangles on the plot of land to be surveyed. One of the lines is considered as the baseline and all other lines and angles are then measured accordingly.Triangulation
  19. 19used in leveling across streams, gullies, and other obstructions to eliminate instrumental errors. The level readings are taken from two setups at two different points. The difference in levels between the two sites with obstructions is determined through this survey.Reciprocal Leveling
  20. 20method where a telescoping sight instrument is used to measure distances. This method incorporates a theodolite controlled by an operator and a level staff held by another surveyor at a distance. Both vertical and horizontal distances are computed through stadia readings.Tacheometry or Stadia Surveying
  21. 21a method in which the meridian, azimuth, latitude, longitude, etc. of the plot to be surveyed is determined with the help of celestial bodies.Astronomical Surveying
  22. 22a method where the maps are prepared from photographs taken from suitable camera stations. The output is a map, a drawing or a 3D model of some real- world scene or object.Photographic Surveying
  23. 23Geodetic surveying can be divided into the following:• 1. Triangulation
    • 2. Reciprocal Leveling
    • 3. Tacheometry or Stadia Leveling
    • 4. Astronomical Surveying
    • 5. Photographic Surveying
  24. 24made for the purpose of locating structures and providing required elevation points during their construction.Construction Surveys
  25. 25pertains to mapping of shorelines and the bottom of bodies of water.Hydrographic Surveys
  26. 26are made to obtain the relative positions and elevations of underground shafts, geological formations, and so on.Mine Surveys
  27. 27utilizing data obtained by camera or other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.Photogrammetric Surveys
  28. 28are reference surveys used to establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments that serve as a reference framework for other survey projects.Control Surveys
  29. 29laid out to get linear measurements. These are graduated in feet or meters together with decimal parts of these units.Steel tape
  30. 30used as guides or markers when sighting points, and for lining up tapemen in order to keep them going along the correct direction.Range poles
  31. 31used for marking the ends of tapes or intermediate points during taping. These are sometimes referred to as taping arrows.Chaining pins
  32. 32used in taping to project a point on the tape down to the ground, or to project a point on the ground up to the tape.Plumb bob
  33. 33used in surveying to establish point son the ground. They are driven into the ground and are used in staking out a building.Wooden hubs/pegs
  34. 34used at the end of a tape for reading the pull applied to the tape during measurement. These are used only in precise taping work.Spring scale
  35. 35SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS • For taping:• Steel tape
    • Range poles
    • Plumb bob
    • Chaining pins
    • Wooden hubs/pegs
    • Spring scale
  36. 36consist of a telescope which fixes the direction of the line of sight and which can be rotated through 360 degrees in the horizontal. The instrument is simple in construction and has fewer parts to become worn or displaced.Dumpy level
  37. 37has a telescope tube supported by two y-shaped uprights fixed to a horizontal bar. By releasing the two clamping collars which fit across the tops of the Y’s, the telescope can be lifted clear of the Y-supports. This is not commonly used since other levels are better constructed for leveling work.Wye level
  38. 38has a self-leveling feature. As soon as the bull’s eye bubble is centered, the line of sight is automatically leveled and kept leveled when a compensator takes over. These are especially useful under conditions of unstable ground and wind, and where speed in leveling work is an important consideration.Automatic level
  39. 39consists of a tube through which the observer sights. On top of the tube is a small bubble reflecting through a prism so it appears to move vertically as seen by the observer sighting through the tube at a level rod. It is used where extreme accuracy is unnecessary and in taping to determine if the tape is held horizontally.Hand level
  40. 40designed for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Transit is the one of the most versatile mechanical equipment but also the most complicated. Most have been supplanted by the total stations.Engineer’s Transit
  41. 41a precision surveying instrument for measuring angles. The telescope is short, inverting, internal-focusing and equipped with a glass reticle. A modern theodolite is compact, simple in design, and light in weight, yet rugged enough to withstand severe usage.Theodolite
  42. 42used in conjunction with an instrument such as a transit or level to determine distances or differences in elevation. It can be read by the surveyor while sighting through the telescope and noting the apparent intersection of the cross-hairs of the rod.Level rod
  43. 43SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS For leveling:• Dumpy level
    • Wye level
    • Automatic level
    • Hand level
    • Engineer’s transit
    • Theodolite
    • Total station
    • Level rod
  44. 44regarded as the most fundamental of all surveying observations.Distance measurement
  45. 45Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur in the spherical earth.Distance measurement
  46. 46For relatively small distances, we can consider straight line as one existing in the Euclidean (geometric) space.Distance measurement
  47. 47is a practical measure of distance.Pacing
  48. 48• consists of counting the number of steps, or paces, in a required distance. • No equipment is needed. • offers relatively low accuracy.Pacing
  49. 49• Length of a step in walking • May be measured from heel to heel or toe to toePace
  50. 50the ratio of the measured distance to the number of paces made by a individual to cover the measured distance. 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠Pace Factor
  51. 51converts the number of revolutions of a wheel of known circumference to a distance.odometer
  52. 52is operated by looking through the lens, adjusting the focus until a distant object viewed is focused, whereupon the distance to that object is obtained.optical rangefinder
  53. 53Sometimes called Tachymetry which means swift measurements.TACHEOMETRY (STADIA)
  54. 54This is a surveying method used to quickly determine the horizontal distance to, and elevation of, a point.TACHEOMETRY (STADIA)
  55. 55obtained by sighting through a telescope with two or more horizontal cross wires at a known spacing.Stadia observations
  56. 56was introduced in 1771 by James Watt. 12Stadia
  57. 57This indirect distance measuring procedure involves using a theodolite to read the horizontal angle subtended by two targets precisely spaced at a fixed distance.SUBTENSE BARS
  58. 58The length between the two targets is commonly 2 meters. • By using trigonometry, the following formula can be derived: 𝐻𝐷 = 1/ tan (𝜃/2)SUBTENSE BARS
  59. 59a method of measurement utilizing a steel tape or synthetic tape. • It is fairly quick, easy and cheap, and hence is the most common form of distance measurement.Taping or chaining
  60. 60• Taping accessories:1. Range poles
    2. Chaining pins
    3. Plumb bobs
  61. 61On steeper slopes where the length of the tape cannot be held horizontally, shorter distances are measured and accumulated to total of a full tape length. This procedure is known asBreaking Tape
  62. 62Once appropriate errors are determined, the corrected distance for a measured line can be determined by substituting into the following equation. The application of this equation will always be correct, provided the correct algebraic sign is used for each correction. • 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑀𝐿 + σ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠TAPE CORRECTIONS
  63. 63—

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Beschreibung
Karteikarten am Surveying Lec, erstellt von Cassy Rivera am 19/01/2025.
Erstellt von
Cassy Rivera · Jan 2025
Aktualisiert
19 Jan 2025
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1
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