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Chapter 3 Review
Karten in diesem Stapel (41)
- 1Chapter 3 Section 1The waters of the ocean
- 2Describe and draw water molecule:a) Water composed of 1 oxygen atom hydrogen atoms
b) Hydrogen side has + charge, oxygen has negative charge
c) Hydrogen bond form between water molecules - 3Name some characteristics of water that make it unique:-Answers may vary. It is unique because of attraction of hydrogen bonds. water act as solvent. Has high heat capacity. And the three states of water.
- 4Compare and contrast arrangements of hydrogen bonds between three states:- In Liquid form, molecules are held by H-bonds constantly breaks aparts and reforms
- In gas form, Molecules are NOT held by H-bonds, they separate and far apart
- In solid form, H-bonds take over and lock the molecule. So water EXPANDS when it freezes making it less dence - 5How does water's density changes as it gets colder?- The water become less dense as it gets colder. But only to a certain point(below 4 degree it becomes less dense and started to form ice!)
- 6Why does Ice floats? Why is it important?A) Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water.
B) It's important because it allows life to continue below. - 7Difference between cohesion and Adhesion. Give an example for eachA) Cohesion: attraction between molecule of the same substance(Ex: water in a glass)
B) Adhesion: attraction between different substances(Ex: Ant floats in water) - 8Why water has high heat capacity?- Because lot of heat must be added or removed in order to change the sate of water. But without changing the temperature of itself
- 9What kinds of substance can water dissolve? Describe/Sketch how water dissolves table salt(NaCl)A) Salts(made up of ions) dissolves in water .
B) Salt ions attract water molecules, pulling them apart(dissolving the salt)
- 10Where do the materials dissolved in seawater come from?- They come from weathering of rocks on land, hydrothermal vents, and volcanoes
- 11What is salinity? How do we measure it?A) Salinity is total amount of salt in seawater
B) It is measured in parts per thousands (ppt or 0/00) - 12What can increase the salinity? What can decrease the salinity?A) Increase in salinity caused by evaporation and freezing
B) Decrease in salinity caused by precipitation, ice melting, river runoff - 13What's the average salinity of the ocean?- The average salinity in ocean is 35 ppt
- 14How does salinity affect the density of water?- The more saltier the sea water is, the more denser it becomes. But temperature also affect the density of seawater in greater degree
- 15What are the most important gases in the ocean? Which one is found the greatest amount?A) Most important gases in ocean are: oxygen, CO2, and nitrogen.
B) Carbon dioxide is found in the greatest amount - 16Which wavelengths of light is the ocean most transparent to? Least transparent to?A) Blue transparent the most
B) Infra red transparent the least - 17How does pressure change as you dive? And how does this change affect organisms? And the ability to study the deep ocean?A) As you go dive deeper, the pressure increase(every 10m=1 atm)
B) This change limits tdepth range of many organisms
C) This also increases difficulty expense, and danger of studying deep ocean) - 18Chapter 1, Section 2Ocean Circulation
- 19What is coriolis effect? How does it affect motion in northern and southern hemisphere?A) Definition: anything that moves over its surface tends to turn a little rather than moving straight
B) In northern hemisphere it moves to the right(Clockwise). In southern hemisphere it moves to the left(counter clockwise) - 20Describe how winds form:- wind is driven from sun. The equator is more warmer than at poles, b/c the equator absorb more energy. So, air at the equator is heated and rises, then the adjacent air gets sucked in to replace rising air, creating wind
- 21Name and identify 3 major wind pattern on earth:- Trade wind(around equator), Westerlies(middle latitudes), and polar easterland(high latitude
- 22Describe how surface currents are created?- Winds push sea surface, creating surface. Surface current moves at 45 degree angle due to coriolis effect. Then second layers move slightly to the right and process continues. These layers moves in a net direction of 90 degree from wind direction(ekman transport)
- 23Explain how gyres act as a giant thermostat:- Gytes: warming poles and cooling tropics
- 24Name and describe the 3 layers of the ocean:--Surface layer(Mixed layer): approx. 100-200 meters thick. Mixed by wind, waves, ad currents. Spring/summer temp, polar regions not mixed.
--INtermediate layer(thermocline Pycnocline): Approx. 1000-1500 m. Contains more colder water(main thermocline
--Deep/bottom layer: below 1500 m. Same as middle layer, but usually less than 4oC degree. - 25How does small volume and large volume downwelling in water differ?- Over a small area, downwelling mixes with deeper water. But a large volume of water may not mix with deeper water
- 26What is thermohaline circulation? What process does it power?- Definition: driven by changes in density, which are determined by temp and salinity. It is powered by global thermohaline circulation
- 27Describe the great ocean conveyor:- After sinking, water spreads through atlantic and into other ocean basins; eventually rises to surface and flows back to atlantic, where cycle begins again
- 28Chapter 1, Section 3Waves and Tides
- 29Identify/describe the parts of a wave- Crest is the height point. Trough is lowest point. wave length is the vertical distance between crest or troughs
- 30Describe how water particles move in waves:- Water particle don't move with a wave, they move in circles
- 31difference between seas, swells, and surf?- Seas: waves have sharp crests and relatively flat troughs(when wind flows). Swells: Wave have flatter, rounder crest troughs(found away from wind). Surf: Waves "pile up" getting higher and steeper until they fall forward and break
- 32What happens to the shape of a wave as it approaches the shore?- The water particles move in elongated ellipses instead of circle. Also becomes shorter wavelengths
- 33What happens when 2 crests wave collide? when a crest of one wave and the trough of another collide?A) When 2 wave crests collide, you get a higher wave.
B)wen the crest of one wave and trough of another wave collide, they cancel each other - 34What 3 celestial objects affect the tide?- The objects are: earth, moon, and sun
- 35What does the ocean "bulge" on both sides of earth?-
- 36Where is high tide and low tides to the "bulges"?- High tide: point is under a bulge. Low tide: point is away from bulge
- 37Why a full tidal takes 24 hours and 5o minutes instead of just 24 hours?- Because the moon also advances in its orbit and still moving. When it stops, it takes additional 50 min to line up with it again
- 38Why is the sun's influence on tide less than the moon's?- It is because sun's effects are only about 1/2 as strong than the moon's
- 39Describe spring tides and neap tides: How are moon,sun, and earth position for each?A) Spring tide: highest high and lowest low tide. Neap tide: Lowest high and highest low tide.
B) In spring tide, the moon, sun and earth form a straight line. In neap tide, sun, moon and earth form shape of right triangle. - 40Describe 3 types of tides and give an example of where they occur- Semidiurnal tides: 2 high tides and 2 low tide(Ex: east coast of N America, europe, asia). Mixed semidiurnal tides: successive high tides of different height(Ex: west coast of N america). Diurnal tides: 1 high and low tide(antarctica, caribbean, and pacific; but VERY RARE)
- 41Identify the three types of tides
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