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- 1What are variablesVariables are properties or characterises of people that vary in quality or magnitude from object to object
- 2Exapmles of variablesDemogrihic gender age
Personality extroverted introverted - 3A variable has tovary be not a constant it must take different values, levels and intensities
- 4Variableis any entity that can take on a variety of different values (wrench)
- 5DispersionRange
Deviation
Abosulute Deviation
Squared deviation - 6Deviation isthe difference between the value of series and average of serious
xi-xStrihch - 7Absolute deviation isthe absolute value of D
AD= /xi-xstiht/ - 8Squared deviationSqD is (xi-xstricht)2
- 9a modelan abstraction of reality that specifies the important elements to be studied
Explains what the expected relationships are expected to be between the variables
Relationship can be a positive or negative - 10Dependent Variables alias Response Variables are the variables of which we want to determine the outcome.Variables of which we want to determine the outcome
- 11Independent Variable Explanatroy Variablesare partially explaining the value of the response
- 12IVthe variable that is varied or manipulated
- 13Dependent variableThe variable in which the response eis measured
- 14The higher the income of a student the larger the studio a student is rentingIndependent valiable Income
Size of the studio - 15Hypothesis: The higher the educational attainment the higher the income.Education is IV and income is the DV
- 16Multiple Independent variablesmultiple independent variables affect the dependent variable
- 17IVS or XsCountries where citizens are healthy or wealthy will be less like to experience revolution
- 18IVs or Xspoverty and bad education will be more likely increase unemployment
- 19Describtive vs inferential statisticsdescriptive are statistics that organise summarise and represent data
- 20descriptive statisticsfrequency table, central tendency, visualisation graphs, xtab
- 21inferential statisticsconsist of techniques by which data is being used to generalise findings, perform hypthiesis test make predictions
- 22population or target populationis the entire group of objects or events, we are interested in,
all people or items withe the characteristic we wish to understand
the group about we want to draw conclusion
must be defined in detail - 23SampleIs a subset of the population usually meant to represent the population
spoon and soup - 24Sample should berepresentative and best done by random sampling
- 25difference between population and sample
- 26how to choose test of significance
- 27Chi squaresimple nonparametric test to test the relation ship between categories
- 28Chi square nominaldetermines wether the frequencies we observed previously differ significantly from the perfect distribution
--> Heads tail - 29chi square formulae
- 30chi square should be higher than the critical valuecritical value needs is:
degrees of freedom how many outcome -1
significance level a
use the chi square distribution table - 31gendervariable
- 32attributemale female
- 33logical steps of researchede
explore
describe
explain - 34calvin, length weight hight, distanceratio
- 35temperature, celsuius,interveral
- 36interval rationcontinious variables
- 37ordinal nominaldiscrete values
- 38what is a variable?-any entitity that can take different value
-anything that can vary
age, country - 39attribute is a specific value on a variableGender has two attributes male and female
country has the attributes
Germany Hungary and Greece - 40unit of analysisat the level at which you pitch the conclusion
- 41unit of observationat the level at which you collect the data
- 42Unit of observation and unit of analysis can be the sameunit of observation can be same but don't have to be.
unit of observation can be student
while unit of analysis where you pithc the conclusion
can be classes - 43what is quantitive research?systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena through numeric data and statistical techniques
in order to employ hypotheses and to test and develop theories - 44What two lines of reasoning are there?Deductive (decreasing)
Indicutive (increasing) - 45Deductivetheory
hypothesis
observation
confirmation - 46InductiveObservation
pattern
hypothesis
theory - 47What is Science ?knowledge concerning general truth and operation of general laws
through scientific method. - 48Scientists seek to answer two questionsWhat are the facts
why did the facts come around? - 49what methods do scientists use?in depth interviews, observations, focus grow, content analysis, survey design and experiments
I look deep in the focus and observe
makes me content and survey - 50What are the logical steps in political scienceExploration
Description
Explanation - 51preliminary task in research will beIdentify: What the nature of the problem is
Determine: What operationalisation process can be used
Decide how sample safe selected what research strategy would be best - 52OperationalisationOperationaliszation is the specification of measurable empirical observable phenomena
to capture an abstract concept
--> Racism how do u measure racism, happiness, content, wealth etc? - 53validityhow far we measure what we inter to measure
--> black people more criminal when accounting all crimes committed i a city? - 54reliablity internal consistency consistency over timerelaibitly means that it is stable and we come to the same conclusion over time (consistency over time)
Internal consistency relaiblity in the sets of question we ask must come be consistent with each other - 55Descriptive vs. Inferential statisticsDescriptive describe and inferential statistics predict
- 56Descriptive statisticstechniques by which data are being organised
summarized
represented
Sum of organs is rep - 57Inferential statisticsis technique by which data are being see to generalise findings
perform hypotestesis tests
make predictions - 58what types of data are there ?Nominal
ordinal
interval
and ratio - 59Discrete variables arenominal and Ordinal data
- 60interval and ratioare continuous variables
- 61different data
- 62ways of presenting numerical data nur große titten numerical graphical and tabularM and M
Measure of central tendency
and measure of dispersion - 63tabularfrequency table and corsstabe
- 64GraphicalDot plot
Stem plot
Pie graph
Histogramm
Boxplot - 65Numerical central tendecymiddle,
Mode,
Mean,
Median - 66Central tendencyis a numerical number that describes a set of data by identifying the middle of it
- 67Mode Mode kommt am häufigsten vor-value that occurs most often in a dataset
-works only for nominal data
-dataset can have more than only one mode
--> bimodal, or multimodal
-in case of multiple modes take the smalls one
-MO - 68mode can be misleading
- 69mode in a histogramm isthe number with the highest frequency
- 70what if multiple modes? or what no mode at all?no mode, all numbers are different
- 71histogrammis quantitive
like bar chart but no gaps
y represent frequency - 72bimodalis when there are two modes two peaks
- 73multiple modalwhen there are more than two modes
- 74median is central tendencyordinal number
median case splits the data into two groups
md
MDMA Tablette wird auch in 2 geteilt - 75median number in the middleif not odd numbers than take the two in the middle and sum up and divide
- 76median in a histogrammthe bar in the middle
- 77meanarithmetic averag
all numbers summed up and decided by the number of n
x strich
for continuous data interval ratio
suscebtible to outliners - 78skewness
- 79measures of dispersionRange
Mean
Variance
Standard deviation - 80RangeR=H-L
- 81Rangeis difference between highest and lowests score
But great deal of data is neglected
and very extrem cases are included - 82Msignma /x-xstricht/
n - 83mean deviationmeasure of variability tha indicates average of deviation from the mean
- 84vars2=sigma x-xstricht square
divide by n - 85standard deviationradical variance
- 86standard deviationwill take into account all observations
in contrast to variance measurement of variability in orginal unit
standard deviation indicates how far observation differ from the mean - 87what to use when
- 88Spearmanshws strength of correlation between two variables.
- 89what is monotonic relation
- 90Spearman Rcan take a value between -1 perfect negative relation
and +1 a perfect positive relation
and 0 no correlation at all - 91what is a model my spec ex can be in a positive or negative relationshipa a model is an abstraction of reality that
--Specifies the important elements to be studtudied
explains what the expected relationship are between the variables
if the relationship can be positive or neganegative - 92What is a theory general mechanisma general statement about how the world works that specifies a causal mechanism
- 93Hypothesisderived from this theory that makes a specific predictions that can be empirically verified
- 94hypothesisfactual claim about association between 2 variables
- 95hypothesis:the stronger the labour unions ware in a county the more is spent on welfare
Independent variable labour unions
dependent variables amount spent on welfare - 96intervening variable level of education and spening the intervening variable would be incomeis a variable that helps to explain the relationship between two variables
- 97bivariate table gender smokingtable that displays distribution of one variable across categories of another
- 98regression analysisfind a model to our data that helps to predict the value of a dependent valuable from an independent or multiple independent variables
- 99OLS Ordinary least SquareAdvises is tp draw the best fitting line witth the data
- 100simple regressionis on predictor variable
- 101multiple regressionseveral predictor variables
- 102equation for modelsoutcome i = model + error i
- 103in a regression line a negative slopenegative relationship
- 104regression coefficient
- 105what if b1 is 0.233then for every increase in the independent variable we have an increase of 0.233 in the dependent variable
- 106Models need to be bluebest
unbiased
Estimate
linear - 107What are possible values for pearson
- 108—
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Pierre Seraphin am 23/01/2016.
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