Karteikarten
Vertebrates
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- 1VertebratesMore complex than invertebrates.
Belong to the phylum chordata. - 2Plylum ChordataBilateral symmetry
- Notochord
- Dorsal nerve cord
- Pharingeal clefts
- Postanal tail - 3Phylum Chordata Subgroups- Urochordates: Marine animals. Characteristics of vertebrates only on larvae stage.
In adult stage are sessile.
Pharingeal clefts: Filtration
- Cephalocordates: Marine. Vertebrates characteristics all their life.
- Vertebrates - 4Groups of vertebrates- Fish
- Amphibians
- Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals - 5Evolution of vertebrates- Ostrocoderms: Without jaw.
- Placoderms: With jaw. Armoured fish.
- Amphibians
- Reptiles: Didn't need to live in water. Their eggs are amniotic.
- Mammals: From Therapsids (quadrupedal)
- Birds - 6Characteristics of vertebratesA group of chordates.
They are characterised by the replacement of the notochord by the spinal colum, which contains the spinal cord.
Internal skeleton, nervous system and sense organs highly developed and specialiced organs to carry out vital funtcions. - 7Internal skeletonUsually made of bones.
Functions:
- Protects the internal organs
- Gives the animal a shape
- Muscles are attached to it to allow movement - 8The nervous systemComposed of nerves
- Brain
Spinal cord - 9The sense organsExtraordinary capacity to interact with their enviroment.
Skin is a characteristic organ: function of sensation and protection. Scales, hairs or feathers. - 10Nutrition and reproduction- Complete digestive system
- Excretory system: Kidneys
- Respiratory system: Gills, lungs or skin
- Closed circulatory system
- Sexual reproduction. Oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparus. Some experience metamorphosis - 11FISHEctothermic aquatic vertebrates with a head, torso and tail. Covered with scales.
Most primitive: Agnathans (without jaw). Extinct, except lamprey.
Later, fish with jaws. They developed paired fins. - 12Characteristics of fish- Long, fusiform body. Their limbs are fins.
- Air bladder. Regulates buoyancy and depth.
- Lateral line to detects obstacles, predators or preys.
- Eyes without eyelids and spherical lens.
- Very varied feeding habits.
- Depending on the composition of skeleton:
cartilaginous fish or bony fish - 13Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishSharks, chimaeras and rays.
- Cartilaginous skeleton
- Dermal denticles
- Mouth in ventral position. Teeth replaced
- Gills
- Do not have an air bladder
- Caudal fin is heterocercal
- Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation. - 14Osteichthyes: Bony fishCarp, hake
- Bony skeleton
- Scales
Mouth at the exterme end: Teeth not replaced
- Gill protected by operculum
- Air bladder
- Caudal fin is homocercal
-Sexual reproduction with external fertilisation. - 15AMPHIBIANSEctothermics vertebrates with bare skin
- Tetrapods
- Lungs, but also have subcutaneus respiration
-Sexual reproduction with external fertilisation.
Metamorphosis: Larvae called tadpoles.
- Adult, carnivores and tadpoles, omnivores.
- Cold months reduce their activity
- Two orders: Urodela and Anura - 16UrodelaSalamanders and newts
- Long body: head with a neck, torso, a tail and four short limbs
- Teeth in their jaws - 17AnuraFrogs and toads
- Do not have a tail
- Wider body
- Extendable sticky tongue
- Produce sounds
- Toxic sustances for protection against predators - 18REPTILESEctothermic. Mostlly terrestrial, although some are adapted to an aquatic enviroment.
- 19Characteristics of reptiles- Horny scales. Some shed their skin periodically.
- Four short limbs, expect for snake.
- Sense organs in the head. Tongue is very important.
- Carnivores
- Two lungs
- Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation
- Amniotic eggs
- Hot climates
Orders: Chelenia, Squamata (Orphidia and Sauria) and Crocodilia - 20Chelenia: turtles and tortoisesHard shell over the head, limbs and tail.
- 21Squamata (Orphidia): snakesReptiles without limbs. Shed their skins in order to grow.
Carnivores - 22Squamata (Sauria): lizardsFive toes with claws
Mobile eyelids - 23CrocodiliaAlligators and crocodiles
Thick layer of bony plates
Carnivorous - 24BIRDSTerrestrial endothermic vertebrates. They can maintain their body temperature independently of the environment.
- 25Characteristics of birds- Adapted for flight. Fusiform, aerodynamic body.
- Covered with feathers. Raquis, barb and quill.
- Wings. Hollow bones.
Lungs have air sacs.
- Eyes in a lateral position. - 26Nutrition in birds- Habits very varied.
- The mouth has a beak and no teeth.
- Beak shape and size related to their habits.
- Do not chew food. Store in the crop.
- Gizzard helps to grind the food.
- Lungs connected to air sacs. - 27Reproduction in birds- Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation.
- Oviparous and lay amniotic eggs - 28MAMMALSEndothermic vertebrates. Many live on land, but some are aquatic and some groups are adapted for flight.
- 29Characterisitcs of mammals- Body covered by hair.
- Mammary glands.
- Limbs adapted to the environment.
- Carnivores, hervibores, omnivores or insectivores.
- Breathe with lungs.
- Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation.
- Three main groups: monotremes, marsupials and placentals. - 30Classification of mammals- Monotremes: Oviparous. Leathery beak and no teeth. Body covered by fur.
- Marsupials: Viviparous. Babies need to complete their development in a external pouch called a marsupium.
- Placentals: Viviparous. In the uterus, they feed through the placenta. - 31Characteristics of humansPrimates. Placentals. Gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans.
- Bipedal position.
- Opposable thumbs.
- Developed brain. Spoken language.
- Only hair on some parts of the body.
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- Vertebrates. Biology Primero ESO.
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