Karteikarten
Philosophy A2 AQA Key Words A - C
Karten in diesem Stapel (55)
- 1A PosterioriKnowledge of propositions that can only be known true/false through sense experience
- 2A PrioriKnowledge of propositions that don NOT require (sense) experience to be known true/false
- 3AbstractTheoretical (rather than applied or practical) and removed from any concrete objects or instances
- 4ActionSomething an agent does intentionally
- 5Actual WorldThe world as it is. The actual world is a possible world, specifically the one we live in
- 6Ad HocA statement or a move in an argument that suits the purpose at hand but has NO independent support
- 7AnalogySimilarity in several respects between different things
- 8Argument from AnalogyMill's argument that we can use the behaviour of other people to infer that they have minds because they behave as I do, and I have a mind
- 9AnalysisProcess of breaking up complex concept or expression in order to reveal its simpler constituents, thereby elucidating its meaning
- 10AnalyticA proposition that is true (false) in virtue of the meanings of the words.
E.g: A bachelor is an unmarried man - 11AntecedentThe proposition that forms the first part of a conditional statement, usually the part of the sentence that comes after "if"; e.g. in both 'if it rains then I will get wet' & 'I will get wet if it rains', the antecedent is 'it rains'
- 12ArêteAn 'excellence', or more specifically, a 'virtue' - a quality that aids the fulfilment of a things ergon (Aristotle)
- 13ArgumentA reasoned inference from one set of claims - the premises - to another claim, the conclusion
- 14Argument MapVisual diagram of how the premises of an argument relate to one another & to the conclusion
- 15AssertionThe claim that a proposition is true
- 16AssumptionA proposition accepted without proof or evidence as the basis for an inference or argument
- 17AttitudeA mental state regarding how the world is or should be
Cognitive: e.g. Belief "mind-to-world"
Non-Cog: e.g. Desire "world-to-mind" - 18Begging the QuestionThe informal fallacy of (explicitly/implicitly) assuming the truth of the conclusion of an argument as one of the premises employed in an effort to demonstrate its truth
- 19Analytical BehaviourismA version of logical behaviourism that claims that mental concepts can be reduced to statements about behaviour
- 20Logical BehaviourismThe theory that our talk about the mind can be analysed in terms of talk about behaviour
- 21Methodological BehaviourismTheory that claims that because science can only investigate what is publicly accessible, psychology is concerned only with the explanation and prediction of behaviour and NOT w/ any 'inner' mental states
- 22BeliefAffirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition
- 23Categorical Imperative'Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same tumuli that it should become a universal law' - Kant
- 24Category MistakeTreating a concept as belonging to a logical category that it doesn't belong to
- 25Problem of Causal InteractionProblem of explaining hw mental states or substance can interact causally w/ physical states or substance. In particular, mental causation is thought to contradict the completeness of physics
- 26CharacterA person's habitual dispositions regarding what they feel, how they think/react, the choices they make & actions they perform under different circumstances
- 27Character TraitAn attribute that is exhibited by an individual as a matter of habit, e.g. honesty or being bad-tempered
- 28Chinese MindA thought experiment by Block, presented as an objection to functionalism. If the population of China, using radios, duplicated the functioning of your brain, would this create conscious experiences (just as brain does)? If NOT functionalism (about consciousness)
- 29ChoiceWhat we decide upon as a result of deliberation, typically giving rise to voluntary action. Deliberate desire regarding something that is in one's power - Aristotle
- 30CircularAn argument is circular if it employs its own conclusion as a premise
- 31Clear & Distinct IdeasA clear idea is 'present & accessible to the attentive mind'; a distinct idea is clear & also sharply separated from other ideas so that every part of it is clear - Descartes
- 32CognitivismA cognitivist account of ethical language argues that moral judgements express beliefs, can be true/false & aim to describe the world. So 'lying is wrong' expresses the belief that lying is wrong & is either true/false
- 33CoherentA set of statements is coherent if the statements are consistent & increase each other's probabiliy
- 34CompatibilismThe theory that the causal determination of human conduct is consistent w/ the freedom required for responsible moral agency
- 35CompatibleTwo properties are compatible if it is possible for something to have both at once. Two claims are compatible if they are consistent
- 36Completeness of PhysicsThe thesis that every physical event has a sufficient cause that brings it about in accordance w/ the laws of physics
- 37Fallacy of CompositionInformal fallacy of attributing some feature of the members of a collection to the collection itself, or reasoning from part to whole.
E.g. Sodium & Chloride... - 38Conceivability Argument1) It is conceivable that the mind can exist without the body.
2) Conceivability entails possibility; so
3) It is possible that the mind can exist without the body.
Therefore the mind & body are distinct substances. Zombie argument is a form of conceivability arg. for prop dualism - 39ConceivableCapable of being imagined or grasped mentally without incoherence or contradiction
- 40ConceptAny abstract notion or idea by virtue of which we apply general terms to things
- 41ConclusionA proposition whose truth has been inferred from premises
- 42ConditionalA proposition that takes the form of 'if..., then...'
- 43ConscienceAn inner awareness, faculty, intuition or judgement that assists in distinguishing right from wrong
- 44ConsciousnessThe subjective phenomenon of awareness of the world and/or one's mental states
- 45Easy Problem of ConsciousnessThe problem of analysing & explaining the functions of consciousness; e.g the facts that we can consciously control our behaviour, report on our mental states & focus our attention. According to some philosophers, it is 'easy' to provide a successful analysis in phys./functional terms
- 46Hard Problem of ConsciousnessThe problem of analysing & explaining the phenomenal properties of consciousness, what it is like to undergo conscious experiences. According to some philosophers, it is 'hard' to provide a successful analysis in pays./functional terms
- 47ConsequentThe proposition that forms the second part of a conditional statement, usually the part of the sentence that occurs after 'then' E.g. "if it will rain then I will get wet", the consequent is "I will get wet"
- 48Act ConsequentialismThe theory that actions are morally right or wrong depending on their consequences & nothing else. An act is right if it maximises what is good
- 49ConsistentTwo or more statements are consistent if they can both be true at the same time
- 50ContingentA proposition that could either be true/false, a state of affairs that may or may not hold, depending on how the world actually is
- 51ContradictionTwo claims that cannot both be true & cannot both be false; or one claim that both asserts and denies something
- 52Contradiction in ConceptionIn Kantian ethics, the test for whether we can will a maxim to become universal law can be failed if, although the maxim is NOT self-contradictory, we cannot rationally will it
- 53CorrelationA relationship between two things whereby one always accompanies the other; e.g. the properties of size & shape are correlated. Correlation should be distinguished from identity
- 54Counter-ArgumentAn argument that attempts to establish a conclusion that undermines another argument or the conclusion of another argument
- 55Method of Finding CounterexamplesIf a theory makes a general claim, such as 'all mental states are functional states', we only need to find singe instance in which this is false to show that the general claim is false & so something is wrong w/ the theory
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Philosophy key words from A2 Lacewing A - C. They are the first 55 key words from the glossary, that every A2 philosophy student should know for the exam.
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- Obri Gonzalez
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