GoConqr hat ein neues Design! Sag uns, wie es dir gefällt.

Kostenlos registrieren

Karteikarten

Research Methods 2 Definitions

Just_Yasmin Research Methods 2 Englisch 145 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (145)

  1. 1Independent VariableThe thing that is manipulated
  2. 2Dependent VariablesThe resulting behaviour that is measured
  3. 3True ExperimentParticipants are randomly assigned to conditions
  4. 4Quasi-experimentsParticipants are already on groups
  5. 5Between Participantsdivide the set of participants into two group. Each group has a different condtion
  6. 6Within ParticipantsEach participant does the task twice. Once in each condition
  7. 7One-tailed HypothesisX will be bigger/smaller than Y
  8. 8Two- tailed HypothesisX will be different to Y
  9. 9Internal validitywhen we can conclude that the independent variable brought about the observed changes in the dependent variable
  10. 10External ValidityThe degree to which we can generalise our results to other participants, other conditions, other times and other places
  11. 11Confounding VariablesA variable that systematically changes with the independent variable and dependent variable
  12. 12Lab Experimentconducted in a highly controlled artificial environment. There is a problem of low external validity
  13. 13Field experimentconducted in naturally occurring environment for participants
  14. 14PlaceboInert innocuous version of treatment resulting in psychosomatic placebo effect.
  15. 15Effect SizeDifference between two means in terms of standard deviations
  16. 16DeductionLogical argument using rules to derive a conclusion from premises
  17. 17Hypothesis testingresearch that analyses data for a predicted effect
  18. 18Categorical Variableeach value id a discrete and qualitatively separate categories
  19. 19Measured VariableWe can use a number to indicate where along a scale a person lies on this variable
  20. 20Reificationthe tendency to treat abstract concept as if it had independent existence.
  21. 21Construct Validitythe extent to which our measure actually coincides with the construct
  22. 22Operational definitiondefinition of phenomenon in terms of the precise procedures taken to measure it.
  23. 23Hypothetical constructphenomenon or construct assumed to exist and used to explain observed effects, but as yet unconfirmed; stays as an explanation of effects while evidence supports it.
  24. 24ReliabilityThe extent to which findings or measures can be repeated with similar results. Consistency of measures
  25. 25Validitythe extent to which instruments measure what they intended to measure. Also the extent to which a research effect can be trusted as real or as not 'contaminated' or confounded.
  26. 26Populationall the existing members of a group
  27. 27SampleA group selected form the population for an investigation
  28. 28Sampling Framethe population from which we will sample from
  29. 29Participant VariableVariations between persons acting as participants & which are relevant to the study
  30. 30Sampling BiasThe weighting of a sample with an over-representation of one particular category of people
  31. 31Simple Random Sampleevery case in the target population has an equal chance of selection and so does every possible combination of cases
  32. 32Systematic Random Sampleselect every nth case form the population where n is an number. before selection is started every case must have an equal chance of being in the sample
  33. 33Stratified SampleA sample is selected so that specified groups will appear in numbers proportional to their size in the target population; within each sub-group cases are selected randomly.
  34. 34Cluster Samplinggroups in the population selected at random from among other similar groups and assumed to be representative of a population.
  35. 35Quota SamplingConsists of obtaining people from categories, in proportion to their occurrence in the general population but the selection from each category is entirely determined by the researcher
  36. 36Self selecting Sampleresearcher use participants that are readily available
  37. 37Opportunity/Convenience Samplea sample selected because they are easily available for testing
  38. 38Haphazard SampleA sample selected from the population with no conscious bias ( but not likely to be truly random)
  39. 39Purposive SampleThe selection choice is made by the researchers on the basis of those who are more representative for the research issue or who are likely to have expertise in the matter
  40. 40Critical CaseA special case may sometimes highlight things that can be related back to most non-special cases
  41. 41Focus Groups & PanelsResearchers may bring together a panel of either experts, those with a particular interest in a topic or in the case of focus groups, simply a selection of people who are fairly representative of the general population.
  42. 42Sampling BiasSystematic tendency towards over- or under- representation of some categories in a sample
  43. 43PositivismMethodological belief that the world's phenomena are reducible to observable facts and the mathematical relationships between them.
  44. 44Control Groupsgroups used as a baseline measure against which the performance of the experimental group is assessed
  45. 45Placebo Groupexperience exactly the same conditions as the experimental group expect for the level of the independent variable is thought to affect the dependent variable.
  46. 46Independent Variableone group of participants is subject to the experimental condition while an entirely different group of people participates in the control condition. These two conditions are the levels of the independent variable that was manipulated by the experiment.
  47. 47Snowball Samplea technique often employed in qualitative research where the information is required from key people in an organization or from those whose have personal or professional experience with the research issue.
  48. 48Pre-testMeasure of participants before an experiment in order to balance or compare groups, or to asses changes by comparison with scores after the experiment.
  49. 49Order effectseffects from the order in which people participate in conditions.
  50. 50Related designa score in one condition is discretely paired with a score in the other condition
  51. 51Unrelated designthe 'independent samples' or 'between groups'. Each score in one group or condition cannot in anyway relate to any specific score in the other group or condition.
  52. 52Factorsanother name for independent variables
  53. 53Asymmetrical order effectan order effect that has greater strength in one particular order and where, therefore, counterbalancing would be ineffective
  54. 54Baseline ComparisonMeasure of what would occur if no experimental level of the independent a
  55. 55Factorial Designexperiment in which more than one independent variable is manipulated
  56. 56Non-equivalent GroupsA possible confounding variable where two or more groups in a independent samples design experiment differ on a skill or characteristic relevant to the dependent variable
  57. 57Participant Variableperson variables differing in proportion across different experimental groups and possibly confounding results
  58. 58standardized procedureTesting or measuring behavior with exactly the same formalized routine for all participants
  59. 59Error VarianceVariance among scores caused by the operation of randomly acting variables.
  60. 60Experimental ValidityThe truth of conclucions drawn about an experiment.
  61. 61Threats to Validityany influence on research variables that might provide an alternative explanation of our effect or that might limit generality of what we appear to have found.
  62. 62Construct Validitywhether our measures of a construct are really measuring it, and also the extent to which the construct itself is supported by psychological evidence
  63. 63Participant expectancythe expectation on the part of the participants that their behavior should alter in an experimental situation
  64. 64Demand Characteristicscues in a study which help participants work out what is expected
  65. 65Social desirabilitythe tendency of research participants to want to look good and provide socially acceptable answers.
  66. 66Evaluation apprehensionparticipants concern about being tested, which may affect results.
  67. 67Reactivestudies in which the participant is expected to react to being studied
  68. 68Single Blindparticipants do not know what condition they are in
  69. 69Double blindan experimental procedure whether neither the participants or the experimenter knows what condition the participant is in
  70. 70Expectancy control designhalf of the participants receive the experimental treatment and half do not as in the standard between groups design.
  71. 71Population Validitythe extent which an effect can be generalized from the sample to the sample population from which they were selected and to other populations
  72. 72Ecological Validitythe extent to which findings generalize to other settings
  73. 73Meta-analysisStatistical analysis of results results of multiple equivalent studies of the same or very similar hypotheses in order to assess more thoroughly an effects validity
  74. 74Hawthorne effecteffect on human performance caused solely by the knowledge that one is being observed
  75. 75Natural Experiments.events beyond the researcher's direct control but where an Iv and DV can be identified.
  76. 76Group difference studiesa post facto study that compares the measurements of an existing variable in two contrasting conditions.
  77. 77Mundane realismfeature of design where experiment resembles everyday but is not necessarily engaging
  78. 78Experimenter realismeffect of attention-grabbing interesting experiment in compensating for artificiality or demand characteristics
  79. 79Raw datathe unprocessed data gathered directly from participants before they are organized or treated statistically.
  80. 80Categorical weekendvariable where cases are merely placed into independent, separate categories
  81. 81Measured Variablevariable were cases measured on it are placed on some sort of scale that has a direction
  82. 82Nominal Levellevel of measurement at which numbers are the only labels for the categories
  83. 83Frequenciesnumber of cases in specific categories. These numbers are being used to count, they do stand for quantities.
  84. 84ordinal levellevel of measurement at which cases are arranged in rank position
  85. 85Interval levellevel of measurement at which units on a scale represents an equal change in the variable measured
  86. 86Quasi-interval scalesscale that appears to be interval but where equal intervals do not necessarily measure equal amounts of the construct.
  87. 87Ratiointerval type scale where proportions on the scale are meaningful because there is an absolute zero point
  88. 88Discrete Scaleeach point is entirely separate from the next
  89. 89Continious Scalethere is no limit to the sub divisions of points that are possible and meaningful, though there will be limits in practice, depending on the type of measuring instrument used
  90. 90Data Setgroup of data points or values which can be summarized or analyzed
  91. 91Central Tendencyformal term for any measure of the typical or middle value in a group.
  92. 92Dispersiontechnical and general term fro any measure of the spread of scores in a sample of the population data.
  93. 93Rangethe distance between the top and bottom values of a set
  94. 94Inter-quartile rangedistance between the first and third quartile in the distribution
  95. 95Semi inter quartile rangehalf the distance between first and third quartile in a distribution
  96. 96Deviation value/ scorethe amount by which a particular value deviates from the mean
  97. 97Mean Deviationmeasure of dispersion- mean of all absolute deviations
  98. 98Degrees of freedomcommon term in statistical analysis having to do with the number of individual data points that are free to vary given that overall summary values are known.
  99. 99Variation ratioproportion of non-modal values to all values
  100. 100Sample statisticsmeasures of a sample. they are frequently taken as an estimate of the same measures of a population
  101. 101Line chartschart joining continuous data points in a single line
  102. 102time-seriesline chart showing measures of variable at progressive time intervals.
  103. 103Frequency Polygonhistogram showing only the peaks of class intervals
  104. 104Explanatory data analysisclose examination of data by a variety of means before submitting them to significance testing
  105. 105Cumulative frequencydistribution that shows the number of cases that have occurred up to and including the current category
  106. 106Box plotsbased on ordinal measurements of the set of data. The give us a graphical representation of the inter-quartile range
  107. 107Frequency Distributiondistribution showing how often certain values occurred in categories
  108. 108Percentilepoint of on a measured scale that marks off a certain percentage of cases in a data set
  109. 109DecilePoint on a measured scale that marks off each 10% of the data set of the population
  110. 110Normal Distributioncontinuous distribution, bell shaped, symmetrical about its mid-point.
  111. 111Standard Scorenumber of standard deviations a particular score us from it's sample mean.
  112. 112Sampling DistributionTheoretical distribution that would be obtained by taking the same statistic from many same size samples
  113. 113Sampling Errordifference between a sample statistic and the true population statistic, usually to assumed to be random in origin
  114. 114Standard errorthe distribution has a standard deviation
  115. 115Central Limit TheoremUsed in theoretical estimations of standard error of sampling distribution from standard deviation of a sample.
  116. 116Confidence Intervalslimits to the likely interval within which a population mean lies based on an estimate from a sample mean and standard error
  117. 117Skewed Distributionnon-normal distributions that have a lot more scores on one side of the mode than the other
  118. 118Ceiling Effectoccurs where a measure produces most values near the top end of a scale
  119. 119Floor Effectphenomenon where measures produce very many low scores
  120. 120Kurtosisthe overall shape of a distribution in terms of height and width compared with normal distribution
  121. 121Platykurticnon-normal distribution that is widely spaced out and low in the centre
  122. 122LeptokurticNon-normal distribution that is closely bunched in the center and tall
  123. 123Significance testtest performed in order to decide whether the null hypothesis should be retained or rejcted
  124. 124Null HypothesisAssumption of no effect in the population from which the samples are drawn
  125. 125Alternative Hypothesisassumption that an effect exists
  126. 126Significance Levellevels of probability at which it is agreed to reject the null hypothesis. if the probability if obtained results under the null hypothesis is less than the set level then the null hypothesis is rejected
  127. 127Critical Valuevalue that the results of our test statistic must reach in order for the null hypothesis to be rejected.
  128. 128Type II ErrorThe probability of retaining the null hypothesis when it is false
  129. 129Effect Sizethe size of the effect being investigated as it exist in the population
  130. 130PowerThe probability of not making a type II error if a real effect size occurs. The probability of selecting a case or sample above the level of Beta in the population defined by the alternative hypothesis id 1 - Beta
  131. 131One tailed Testtest referring to only one tail of the distribution under the null hypothesis. May be used i alternative hypothesis is directional
  132. 132Two Tailed hypothesistest referring to both tails of the probability distribution. Must be used if the alternative hypothesis is non-directional
  133. 133Parametric testRelatively powerful significance test that makes estimations of population parameters. The data tested must usually therefore satisfy certain assumptions.
  134. 134Distribution Dependent Testsignificance test making estimations of population parameters.
  135. 135Difference Meanmean of differences between pairs of scores.
  136. 136Pooled Variancecombining of two sample variances is to average in order to estimate population variance
  137. 137Non-Parametric Testsignificance test that does not make estimations of parameters of and underlying distribution.
  138. 138DeceptionLeading participants to believe tat something other than the true independent variable is involved or withholding information such that the reality of the investigative situation is masked or distorted
  139. 139Debriefinginforming participants about the full nature and rationale of the study they've experienced and attempting to reverse any negative influences
  140. 140Stress and Discomfortpsychological investigators should guarantee the safety of their participants and that everything possible should be done to protect them from harm of discomfort
  141. 141The Right to Withdrawin all research that involved individual participation the investigator is obliged to - 1. give participants at to likely levels of discomfort, 2. remind them of their right to withdraw & 3. terminate the experiment if discomfort levels are higher than anticipated
  142. 142Informed Consentagreement to participate in research in the full knowledge of the research context and participant rights
  143. 143Anonymitykeeping participants or clients identity away from publication or any inadvertent disclosure
  144. 144Confidentialitykeeping data from participants or clients away from publication
  145. 145Interventionresearch that makes alteration to peoples lives beyond the specific research setting in some cases because there is an intention to ameliorate specific human conditions

Informationen

Beschreibung
Research Methods 2 Karteikarten am Research Methods 2 Definitions, erstellt von Just_Yasmin am 02/05/2013.
Erstellt von
Just_Yasmin · Mai 2013
Aktualisiert
15 Mai 2016
Aufrufe
117
Bewertung

Feedback

Worum geht es?

Wie gefällt dir das neue Design?

Dein Eindruck