Karteikarten
Equine practicals
Karten in diesem Stapel (52)
- 1What is the lung field?Tricep muscle cranially
Epaxial muscle dorsally
Arc that runs from 17th intercostal at level of tuber coxae through the 11th intercostal space at the level of the point of the shoulder to the olecranon - 2How do you preform a rebreathing bag?Large plastic bag filled with air over muzzle and listen after bag removed
Observe tolerance and recovery as well as abnormal sounds - 3How do you percuss a horses lungs?Pleximeter within intercostal spaces and struck with plexor
Start dorsal then move cranial - 4What can percussion identify?Consolidated lung and pleural effusion
Pain - 5What is examined by endoscopy?Meatus and turbinates, guttural pouch opening, nasomaxillary ostia, ethmoid turbinates, dorsal pharyngeal recess, pharynx and larynx
- 6What samples can be taken during endoscopy?Biopsy trachea and sample tracheal mucus
- 7How do you preform a transtracheal aspiration?Clip over ventral trachea at junction of middle and ventral thirds of the neck
LA incision site
Stab through bleb, stabilise trachea and insert catheter into trachea
Remove trocars and leave catheter in lumen
Urinary catheter is then passed through IV catheter into lumen and flush saline
Withdrawal while maintaining negative pressure to obtain a sample - 8What are the possible complications of transtracheal aspiration?Damage to rings or mucosa
Breakage of catheter in lumen
Contamination by coughing
Cellulitis or abscessation at puncture site - 9What is the transtracheal aspiration used for?Sample of tracheal mucus aseptically
- 10What is a BAL used for?Sample of cells from distal airways and alveoli, not used for culture, in diffuse disease
- 11How do you preform a BAL?Restraint and sedation
Flexible BAL tube or endoscope
Through ventral meatus
Extend horses neck to enter trachea
Pass tube until stops and then inflate cuff
Flush saline and aspirate
Deflate cuff and remove tube - 12What are the volumes used for TT wash and BAL?TTW 30-50mL
BAL 50-100mL - 13What drugs can be used to improve BAL?Butorphanol may reduce coughing
Lignocaine may reduce coughing in tracheal lumen
Bronchodilator may be useful in hyperreactive airways - 14What does a frothy BAL sample mean?Surfactant
- 15What side of melolin faces the patient?Shiny side
- 16What is softban useful for?Keeping the dressing in place
- 17What are the two kinds of conforming padding?Cotton wool and gamgee
- 18What are the steps to apply a bandage on a horse?Apple dressing to sterile sie
Soft ban with slight tension
Gamgee
Conforming bandage (if used)
Bandaging
Seal the top and bottom with elastoplast over vet warp and skin - 19Why do you seal the bottom of bandages?Stops bedding and dirt getting up or down
- 20What are some possible hoof poultice solutions?Commercial products such as animalintex
Iodine and sugar
Copper sulphate
Epsom salt - 21What is the steps in applying a hoof bandage?Apply poultice solution and dressing
Wrap with conforming padding
Use cushioning padding
Use cohesive padding
Cover in duct tape to waterproof
Wrap elastoplast around the top to seal - 22What causes the heart sounds?S1 - closure of AV valves and turbulence in large vessels during systole
S2 - closure of aortic and pulmonic valves
S3 - rapid ventricular filling early during diastole
S4 - atrial contraction at the end of diastole - 23What do you auscultation in a horse?PAM - 2nd to 5th space
RAV - 3rd-4th space - 24What causes murmurs in horses?Decreased blood viscosity
High cardiac output
Abnormal blood flow as occurs with valvular incompetence
Blood flow through stenotic lesion - 25What can decrease blood viscosity?Anaemia and/or hypoproteinaemia
- 26What increases cardiac output?Excitement, exercise, fever, athletic animal
- 27What arrhythmias can be normal?Second degree AV block
Sinus arrhythmia - 28What is an second degree AV block?Intermittent dropped beats
- 29What is sinus tachycardia?Associated with excitement, exercise and fever
- 30What is the placement of ECG?LA (black) electrode on left thorax in 5th intercostal space on level of the elbow
RA (white) electrode in the right jugular furrow at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the neck
Ground (green) electrode is placed at the base of the neck on the right - 31What pattern to physiological arrhythmias show?Regular irregular
- 32What is atrial fibrillation?Irregular irregularity
Irregular R-R intervals
Absence of P waves
F waves
QRS normal morphology - 33What is atrial premature contraction?P waves fires off too early before contraction
- 34What is ventricular premature contraction?Premature depolarisation
4 or more VPC in succession is tachycardia - 35What is the common cause of VPC?Primary myocardial disease
- 36What is the common cause of APC?Electrolyte imbalances
- 37What is the approach for a lameness case?History
Visual exam at rest
Palpation
Visual exam at exercise
Manipulation
Diagnostic analgesia
Diagnostic imaging - 38What are some common history questions?Previous use of horse and planned use
Management and diet
Farriery
Previous disease or lameness
Onset and change
Medication
Trauma - 39What is the AAEP lameness scale (0-5)?1 - not consistent
2 - not at walk or trotting but consistent under some circumstances
3 - consistent at trot
4 - marked with nodding, hitching or shortened stride (resistance to trot)
5- minimal weight bearing or complete inability to move - 40What are the different phases of sctinigraphy?Vascular phase is immediate
Soft tissue phase is 20 minutes
Bone phase is 2 hours - 41What is the abaxial sesamoid block? What nerves does it block?Inject at level of base of sesamoids into neurovascular bundle
Plantar digital nerves - 42What is the direction to point the needle?Distally to not block anything proximally
- 43What is the low plantar or 6 point nerve block? What nerves does it block?Distal to each splint button, dorsal surface at level of buttons subcutaneously to extensor tendons
Plantar, plantar metatarsal and dorsal metatarsal nerves - 44What is lateral plantar block? What does it block?15mm distal to head of MTIV, directed from plantar to dorsal and axial to MTIV
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve - 45Why should you do imaging after blocks?As may see abnormalities that may not be the cause of pain
- 46What is this view?DP
- 47What is this view?LM
- 48What is this view?DLPMO
- 49What is this view?DMPLO
- 50What abnormality is this?This isnt an abnormality, may be a normal part of medial trochlear ridge
- 51When should a digital venography be taken?Images taken within 45 seconds of contrast injection
- 52What is seen with digital venography for severe laminitis?Dorsal foot void of contrast
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- Level 4 Medicine (Practicals) Karteikarten am Equine practicals , erstellt von Siobhan Ellis am 02/11/2016.
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- Siobhan Ellis
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