Karteikarten
English Terminology
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- 1LexisVocabulary
- 2ModeWhether the text is spoken or written
- 3SemanticsHow meaning is created through words or phrases.
- 4SyntaxA system of rules about how these types of words function in relation to each other
- 5PhonologyThe study of sounds in English
- 6ProsodyFeatures of spoken language like pace, rhythm, stress and intonation
- 7PragmaticsHow social conventions, context, personality and relationships influence the choices people make about their language
- 8GraphologyStudy of appearance of writing
- 9DiscourseExtended piece of spoken or written language
- 10CohesionHow discourse fits together
- 11MorphologyConstruction of individual words
- 12SuperlativeThe most
- 13InflectionAdded part to a word
- 14SynonymsDifferent words for the same thing
- 15NeologismsNew words due to development of science and technology
- 16DenotationDictionary definition of a word
- 17ConnotationAssociations or emotions associated with a word
- 18AntonymsWords with opposite meanings
- 19MetonymyUsing a part of something to describe the whole thing
- 20Figurative expressionsFigures of speech not supposed to be taken literally
- 21HyperboleUsing exaggeration for effect
- 22PhonologyThe study of sound systems of languages
- 23PhonemeA unit of sound
- 24PhoneticsHow speech sounds are made and received
- 25ElisionWhen sounds are left out
- 26TypefaceFont
- 27SerifSmall strokes on the end of letters
- 28AccentVariation in pronunciation
- 29DialectVariations in language
- 30Workman 2008Studied people's perceptions of different accents and found Yorkshire most intelligent, Birmingham least intelligent
- 31CodifyHow to write language
- 32Received PronunciationIs an accent associated with educated people and upper classes, yet not from a region
- 33Estuary EnglishSome say it is replacing RP as the most 'acceptable' English accent and it has roots in the language spoken around the Thames Estuary
- 34SociolectLanguage of social groups
- 35IdiolectUnique language of an individual
- 36SlangInformal, non standard words
- 37ElitistExcluding people who don't understand
- 38Trudgill 1983Studied men and women's social class accents, and found that women's pronunciation is closer to RP
- 39Cheshire 1982Studied speech of adolescent girls and boys and found boys more likely to use non-standard grammatical forms
- 40Overt prestigePrestige of being associated with respectable and well-off sections of society
- 41Covert prestigeThe prestige of being considered rebellious and independent
- 42Robin Lakoff 1975Identified features that she felt characteristic of women's language; hedges and fillers, apologetic requests, tag questions and indirect requests
- 43Deficit approachThe approach devised by Robin Lakoff. Features of women's language reflect inferior social status and makes it worse by making them seem needy, indecisive and weaker than men
- 44Hedges and fillersFragments of language like 'sort of', 'kind of', and 'maybe'
- 45Apologetic requests'I'm sorry but would you mind closing the door?'
- 46Tag questions'This is nice, isn't it?'
- 47Indirect requests'It's very noisy outside isn't it?' (Please could you close the door)
- 48O'Barr and Atkins 1980Suggested alternative to deficit model. Analysed transcripts of American courtroom trials, and male and female witnesses who were of low social status or inexperienced with courtrooms showed many features Lakoff identified as female
- 49Holmes 1984Suggested women's language isn't weaker, but shows a desire to cooperate
- 50Cameron 2007There are actually very few differences between men and women's language
- 51Dominance modelApproach suggested by Zimmerman and West in 1975. Recorded interruptions between men and women and found 96% by men, reflects males dominance in society
- 52Difference modelApproach suggested by Tannen in 1990 that men are concerned with status and independence, giving direct orders, don't mind conflict, and interested in gaining facts and solving problems. Women interested in forming bonds, polite indirect orders and offer support rather than solutions
- 53Beattie 1982Zimmerman and West's idea is wrong, interruptions aren't about dominance but instead can be supportive
- 54Marked termsReveal a person's gender
- 55Generic termMarked term referring to both men and women
- 56Lexical asymmetryPair of words which have similar meaning but aren't equally balanced
- 57Plain English Campaign 1979Campaign to combat confusing and unnecessary jargon
- 58Humorous persuasive techniquesSemantic puns, phonetic puns and figurative language
- 59Numbers for phonemesLike 'gr8'
- 60AffixationAdding a prefix or suffix to an existing word
- 61Interactional languageThe language of informal speech, which has a purpose to develop relationships between speakers
- 62Referential languageProvides listener of information
- 63Expressive languageHighlights the speaker's emotions, feelings and attitudes
- 64Transactional languageAbout getting information or making a deal
- 65Phatic languageUsed for social purposes rather than to convey serious meaning
- 66EllipsisPart of a grammatical structure is omitted without affecting understanding
- 67False startsChange in train of thought halfway through and begins utterance again
- 68Back-channellingFeed back to the speaker that they're being understood
- 69Deictic expressionPointers that refer the listener backwards, forwards or outside a text. Can't understand them unless context is known
- 70Non-fluency featuresDevices that interrupt the flow of speech
- 71HedgingUncertainty in conversation
- 72Adjacency pairsShort, familiar exchanges of conversation that follow predictable patterns
- 73Signalling closureSpeech indicators and other non-verbal signs that a conversation is drawing to a close
- 74IdeologyValues, thoughts and morals
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- Karteikarten am English Terminology, erstellt von tom4413 am 03/05/2013.
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