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Repro Exam 2

Ana Sarmiento Human Reproductive and Developmental Biology Englisch 68 Karten

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  1. 1When is NIPT available?First trimester
  2. 2____________ has gone down because of the availability of NIPT.Diagnostic testing
  3. 3When the concept of NIPT was first being developed, researchers attempted to isolate fetal cells in maternal blood. What two obstacles did they encounter in this endeavor?1. Only one in a billion cells in maternal blood are fetal cells
    2. Cells from previous pregnancies can stay in maternal blood
  4. 4Instead of isolating cells, what other material did they find in maternal blood that was conducive for non-invasive prenatal testing?cell-free fetal DNA
  5. 5Fetal and maternal cell-free DNA is present in maternal blood in what proportions?90% maternal cell-free DNA
    10% fetal cell-free DNA
  6. 6What is the primary source for cfDNA in maternal blood?The primary source of fetal cells in maternal blood is due to apoptosis of placental cells
  7. 7Why is it not necessary to differentiate between maternal and fetal DNA in NIPT?In NIPT, chromosome fragments are sequenced to determine what chromosome they came from
    (i.e., chromosome 1, chromosome 2, etc).
    If both mom and baby have normal karyotypes, the amount of genetic material present per chromosome should be proportional in size to the amount of genetic material present in a normal karytope.
    If however, we see extra genetic material for one particular chromosome, and the mother has a normal phenotype, we might expect that the extra material came from the fetus, and it might have a trisomy.
  8. 8What does NIPT screen for?Trisomy 21
    Trisomy 18
    Trisomy 13
    Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
  9. 9Ten downsides to NIPT were mentioned on the slides. Name as many as you can.1. Not diagnostic
    2. Need to confirm with CVS or Amnio
    3. Can't detect all chromosome abnormalities
    4. Can't detect chromosomal duplications or deletions
    5. Can't detect genetic disorders
    6. Can't detect neural tube defects or ventral wall defects
    7. Result can take up to 10 days
    8. Can be mistakenly considered a diagnostic test
    9. Some OB practices opt to skip first trimester ultrasound if NIPT is done
    10. Failure rate is 1%
  10. 10What are some indications for NIPT? (4 mentioned in class)1. Advanced Maternal Age
    2. Previous pregnancy affected with a chromosome abnormality
    3. Abnormal Maternal Serum Screen
    4. Ultrasound abnormality
  11. 11Microarray is a Diagnostic/Screening Test. Choose one.Diagnostic
  12. 12Microarray is a ________ karyotype.molecular
  13. 13What does microarray detect?Detects smaller abnormalities such as microdeletions and microinsertions
  14. 14What are a couple of ways that microarray is better than a regular karyotype?1. It defines breakpoints better
    2. You can customize the coverage of the array; can provide denser coverage of a specific area, for example
  15. 15Outline the process of Array cGH1. Patient and control DNA is labeled with different colored fluorescent dyes.
    2. The labeled DNA samples are then applied to the microarray
    3. Patient and control DNA compete to hybridize to the microarray
    4. The microarray scanner measures fluorescent signal intensity
    5. Computer software gathers the data and generates a plot
  16. 16How is a microarray read?If the patient DNA is present in correct amounts, we should see roughly equal amounts of patient and control DNA on the microarray.
    If however, we see more patient labeled DNA, this indicates a duplication.
    If we see more control labeled DNA, this indicates a deletion.
  17. 17Define: Adjusted Age How is adjusted age calculated?"Adjusted Age" is used to describe children up to 3 years of age that were born prematurely.
    Calculated by subtracting the number of weeks born before 40 weeks gestation from the chronological age.
    Ex: 9 month old born two months early is expected to look and act like a 7 month old
  18. 18Define: AnemiaCondition where red blood cells are low.
  19. 19Define: Antenatal SteroidsSteroids given to help fetal organs mature more rapidly.
    Given when pre-term delivery:
    If intact membranes, between 24-34 wks
    If membranes ruptured, between 24-32 wks
  20. 20Define: AsphyxiaLack of Oxygen
  21. 21Define: BaggingPumping room air or oxygen into baby's lungs y squeezing bag of air into a mask or over baby's mouth and nose or through a trach
  22. 22Define: Cardiopulmonary monitormachine that tracks heart and breathing rates
  23. 23Define: Cathetera hollow, flexible tube for insertion into a body cavity, duct, or vessel to allow the passage of fluids or to drain a passageway or cavity.
    Ex: IV fluids, to drain the bladder, or to insert into a heart vessel for diagnosis
  24. 24Define: Central Venous Line (CVL)Catheter placed in a major vein of the body
  25. 25Define: Comfort Measures Only (CMO)Palliative Care; keep comfortable without prolonging life
  26. 26Define: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)Supplemental oxygen or room air delivered under pressure through a trach or tubes through the nostrils
    Under pressure, air delivery helps to keep air sacs (alveoli) open and maintain a clear airway
  27. 27Define: CyanosisBlue/Gray discoloration because of insufficient oxygen
  28. 28Define: Echocardiogram (Echo)non-invasive ultrasound of the heart
  29. 29Define: endotracheal tube (ETT or ET Tube)Tube placed through the mouth or nose into the throat and trachea
  30. 30Define: Exchange TransfusionBlood transfusion; baby's blood is removed and replaced with donor blood. Can be used to treat severe jaundice
  31. 31Define: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)Oxygenation outside the body
    Extracorporeal life support that allows the lungs to rest and recover from disease or medical conditions
  32. 32Define: ExtubationRemoving the ETT or ET Tube
    (from the trach)
  33. 33Define: GastrostomySurgically created opening through abdominal skin and into the stomach through which a baby can be fed
  34. 34Define: Gavage FeedingMethod of feeding breast milk or formula before coordinated breathing and swallowing has been learned
    A small nasogastric tube is placed through the nose or mouth and passed to the stomach. (Aka tube feeding)
  35. 35Define: High Frequency VentilationMechanical ventilation designed to reduce complications to infant lungs.
    Provides rapid respiratory rates. (Aka oscillator or Jet ventilator)
  36. 36Define: I & O (Input and Output)Refers to the amount of fluids given (through IV feeding) and the amount of fluid excreted (through urine or stools)
  37. 37Define: Incubator or IsoletteClear, plastic, enclosed, heat-controlled crib used to keep premature infants warm
    Premature infants can lose heat quickly.
  38. 38Define: Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) What factors can cause this? (13 you can choose from)When the fetus doesn't grow to the proper size while in the uterus
    Caused by:
    decreased blood flow to placenta
    maternal hypertenstion
    drug use
    smoking
    poor weight gain
    dieting during pregnancy
    pre-eclampsia
    alcoholism
    multiple fetuses
    placenta or cord abnormalities
    prolonged pregnancy
    chromosomal abnormalities
    small placenta
  39. 39Define: Intravenous (IV)Catheter inserted into a vein that delivers fluids; needs to be changed frequently in infants due to fragile veins
  40. 40Define: IntubationInserting a tube into the trachea to reach lungs
  41. 41Define: Kangaroo CareSkin-to-skin contact between parent and baby.
    Baby has only diaper and hat. Baby's head turned to the side so baby can feel/hear paren'ts heartbeat and warmth.
    Works best for babies not in critical condition.
  42. 42Define: Lumbar PunctureDiagnostic Procedure.
    Involves inserting hollow needle into lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid for analysis and sometimes to relieve pressure (Aka spinal tap)
  43. 43Define: Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI)Imaging technique that uses powerful magnets and computers to produce a detailed image of tissues
  44. 44Define: MonitorMachine that records heartbeat, body temperature, respiration rate, and blood pressure
  45. 45Define: Nasal CannulaLight, flexible tube used to give supplemental oxygen to baby.
    Flows through two prongs extending into the nostrils
  46. 46Define: Nasal Prongssmall plastic tubes that fits into or under a baby's nose to deliver oxygen
  47. 47Define: Nasogastric Tube (NG Tube)Narrow flexible tube inserted through nostril down esophagus, into stomach
    Used to feed or remove air or fluid from the stomach
  48. 48Define: Nebulizer TreatmentNebulizer humidifies air and/or oxygen tha tis passed to the infant
    Can transform medicine into droplet form for inhalation
  49. 49Define: Neonatal Intensive Care UnitA Special care nursery for premature and newborn infants with severe medical implications
    Levels 1-3
    3 most critical
    1 least critical
  50. 50Define: NeonateInfants in their first 30 days of life
  51. 51Define: NPOAbbreviation for a latin term meaning "Nothing by mouth"
    I.E., no food or water
  52. 52Define: Oxygen HoodA clear plastic box that fits over a baby's head and supplies them with oxygen
  53. 53Define: Oxygen Therapy How is it measured?Giving extra oxygen to body tissues through a variety of ways
    Measured as a percentage, number of liters, number of milliliters, or flow per minute
  54. 54Define: Percutaneous Line/Percutaneous Central Catheter (PICC Line)Long catheter placed into a surface vein with the catheter tip extending farther into the body into a large central vein.
    Doesn't have to be replaced as often as an IV line.
  55. 55Define: PerinatalAround the time of birth
    (~22 weeks to 7 days after birth)
  56. 56Define: PhototherapyLight therapy to treat jaundice
  57. 57Define: Post-partumFollowing birth
  58. 58Define: Pulse oximeterA small device that uses a light sensor to help determine blood oxygen levels
  59. 59Define: Redirection of CareChanging medical plan from management to prolong care to CMO (comfort measures only)
  60. 60Define: Room Air What percent is Oxygen?Air we normally breathe
    21% Oxygen
  61. 61Define: SurfactantSubstance produced in lungs that prevent alveoli from collapsing and sticking together by reducing surface tension
    Without surfactant, alveoli collapse on exhalation.
    One of the last systems to mature which can cause the breathing problems found in pre-term infants
  62. 62Define: SwaddlingWrapping babies up tight in fabrics, restricting limb movements, provides a secure womb-like feeling
  63. 63Define: TransfusionTransfer of whole blood or blood products from one person to another
  64. 64Define: Umbilical Arterial Catheter (UAC)Small tube placed in belly button artery
    Used to check blood pressure, draw blood samples, and give fluids
  65. 65Define: Umbilical Venous CatheterCatheter placed in belly button vein
    Used to give baby fluids and medications
  66. 66Define: Ventilator (Vent)Machine that helps breathing by supplying and regulating a flow of air and oxygen that goes through a tube, then through the nose or mouth, then down the throat, and into the trachea
  67. 67Define: Vital Signs Monitor What happens if something changes to an abnormal level?Measures and displays heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.
    Alarm sounds if abnormal.
  68. 68Define: Warmer(AKA Radiant Warmer)
    Allows maximum access

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Human Reproductive and Developmental Biology Karteikarten am Repro Exam 2, erstellt von Ana Sarmiento am 23/09/2017.
Erstellt von
Ana Sarmiento
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