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Conscience: Key Terms
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- 1Augustine (354-430 CE)Saw conscience as the law of God somehow written within us. However, in a Fallen world, it can and does, like the rest of creation, become corrupted by sin.
- 2Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274)Aquinas saw the conscience as right reason, recta ratio, making morally good decisions. He divides the operation of conscience into two parts.
- 3SynderesisIn Aquinas’ thinking, a God-given innate, infallible ability to distinguish right from wrong,
- 4ConscientiaIn Aquinas’ thinking, the process of judgement that acts on Synderesis and carries it out.
- 5PrudenceIn Aquinas’ thinking, the ability to recognise the effect our actions will have on others, and modify our behaviour accordingly.
- 6“Vincible ignorance”In Aquinas’ thinking, blameworthy ignorance.
- 7“Invincible ignorance”In Aquinas’ thinking, unavoidable ignorance.
- 8Bishop Joseph Butler (1692-1752)An Anglican bishop and a theologian. He can also be considered one of the ancestors of Intuitionism, because he saw conscience as a kind of moral intuition implanted by God in the human soul.
- 9Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801-1890)Believed that conscience is the voice of God, speaking to
the human soul. - 10Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Reconceived the conscience as the “Superego”, whose primary concern is with the difference between appropriate and inappropriate behaviour.
- 11Erich Fromm (1900- 1980)A German social psychologist and humanist. Over the course of his lifetime, he developed two views of conscience.
- 12The “authoritarian conscience”.Fromm’s idea that a sense of right and wrong behaviour is instilled in children from an early age by authority figures - parents, teachers, etc. – acting through the medium of reward and sanction.
- 13The “humanistic conscience”.Fromm’s later understanding of conscience, according towhich we adjust our behaviour to conform to values such
as integrity and honesty which will enable us to develop in a social context - 14Jean Piaget (1896- 1980)Swiss-French thinker who believed that conscience develops in two stages: before and after the age of ten.
- 15Heteronymous moralityPiaget’s understanding of conscience before the age of ten when children take their sense of right and wrong from their parents/ guardians and educators.
- 16Autonomous moralityPiaget’s understanding of conscience after the age of ten, they begin to take charge of their own moral development to a much greater extent.
- 17PsychopathsPeople who lack a conscience
- 18Adam Smith (1723-1790)The Scottish economist and moral philosopher, credited with inventing the Ideal Observer Theory as an explanation of conscience.
- 19The Ideal ObserverAn internal voice that judges our actions.
- 20The Ideal Observer TheoryAn action, Y, is morally wrong if and only if an ideal observer, knowing and appreciating all the relevant facts, and having no mistaken beliefs about the matter under consideration, would morally disapprove of Y
- 21David Hume (1711- 1776)Also discussed the Ideal Observer Theory, only he thought it might be consistent with moral relativism.
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