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Class 9 October 24 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research

Renee Conneway AGEE 642 Final Englisch 65 Karten

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  1. 1This design has one manipulated independent variableSingle-Variable Design
  2. 2This design has two or more independent variablesFactorial Designs
  3. 3This design does not have random assignment of subjects to groups or other strategies to control extraneous variablesPreexperimental Design
  4. 4This design uses randomization and provides maximum control of extraneous variables, has the greatest internal validityTrue Experimental Design
  5. 5This design lacks randomization but employs other strategies to provide some control over extraneous variablesQuasi-Experimental Design
  6. 6This is manipulated by the experimenter, also called the treatment, or XIndependent Variable
  7. 7The group that is given the independent variable treatment(s)Experimental Group
  8. 8The group that does not receive the experimental treatment. Receives a different treatment or none at all.Control Group
  9. 9This design involves three steps: 1). Pretest measuring dependent variable. 2). Applying experiemental treatment to subjects. 3). Administering a posttest, measuring dependent variable.One-Group pretest-posttest design
    (R)0-X-0
    __________
    (R)0-*-0
    (P. effects are history and maturation)
  10. 10This design uses two or more preexisting or intact (static) groups, only one of which is exposed to the experimental treatmentStatic Group Comparison
  11. 11This is a scientific investigation, in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables and systematically introduces changes, and observes.Experiment
  12. 12What are the three characteristics of an experiment?1) Independent variable is manipulated
    2) All other variables are controlled
    3) Effect of the ind. variable on the dependent variable is observed.
  13. 13If two situations are equal in every respect except for a variable that is added to or deleted from one of the situations, any difference appearing between t he two situations can be attributed to that variableLaw of the single dependent variable
  14. 14If two situations are not equal, but it can be demonstrated that none of the variables except the ind. variable is significant, then any difference occurring between the two situations after introducing a new variable to one of the systems can be attributed to the new variableLaw of the single significant variable
  15. 15The extent to which the changes observed in a dependent variable are, in fact, caused by the independent variable in a particular experimental situations rather than by some extraneous factors. Basic requirement to draw correct conclusions from an experimentInternal Validity
  16. 16What are the 11 threats to internal validity? (MDS HIRED PMS)Maturation, Diffusion, Subject Effect
    History, Instrumentation, Regression, Experimenter Effect, Differential Selection
    Pretesting, Mortality, Selection-Maturation Interaction
  17. 17Specific events or conditions, other than the experimental treatment, may occur in the environment between the first and second measurements and may produce changes in the dependent variable (events occurring at same time as experiment)History
  18. 18Refers to changes (biological or psychological) that may occur within the subjects simply as a function of the passage of timeMaturation
  19. 19Exposure to _______ administered before the experimental treatment may affect the subject's performance on a second test, regardless of the treatmentPre-Testing
  20. 20The _____ threat to internal validity is a result of the unreliability of the measuring instruments or a change in the instruments used during the studyInstrumentation
  21. 21Refers to the well-known tendency for subjects who score extremely high or extremely low on a pretest to score closer to the mean (regression toward the mean) on a posttest, regardless of the treatmentRegression
  22. 22Is a threat when there are important differences between the experimental and control groups even before the application of the experimental treatment, occurs when intact groups must be used (not randomized)Differential Selection
  23. 23This threat occurs when there is differential loss of participants from the comparison groupsMortality
  24. 24This threat involves unintentional effects that the researcher himself has on the study, example is gender, race, positionExperimenter Effect
  25. 25Subjects attitudes developed in response to the research situation that can be a threat to internal validitySubject Effect
  26. 26Type of subject effect in which the subject knows they are in a research studyHawthorne Effect
  27. 27Type of subject effect in which the control group exerts extra effortJohn Henry Effect
  28. 28Type of subject effect in which subjects feel they are receiving less desirable treatment or being neglectedCompensatory demoralization
  29. 29Occurs when participants in one group (typically the experimental group) communicate information about the treatment to subjects in the control group in such a way as to influence the latter's behavior on the dependent variableDiffusion
  30. 30What are 6 ways to deal with threats to internal validity?Random Assignment
    Random Matching
    Homogeneous Selection
    Build Variables into Design
    Analysis of Covariance
    Using subjects as their own control
  31. 31Explain this: 0-X-0 _________ 0-*-0Static Group Comparison
    -- Two intact groups, pretest both groups, apply the treatment to one group, nothing to second, administer a posttest to both groups (Pre-experimental Design)
  32. 320= X= _____= *= (R)= (M) -0= Observation
    X=Treatment
    _______=Two or more groups
    *= Control group no treatment
    (R)= Random Assignment
    (M)= Matching Strategy
  33. 33Explain this: 0-X-0One Group Pretest Posttest Design
    --Administer a pretest, apply the treatment, administer a posttest
  34. 34What are the internal validity threats to the One-Group Pretest Posttest?History, Maturation, Pretesting, Instrumentation, Selection-Maturation, Subject Effect, Experimenter Effect
  35. 35What are the internal validity threats to Static Group Comparison?Differential Selection, Selection-Maturation, Mortality, Subject Effect, Experiment Effect, Diffusion
  36. 36Explain this: (R) - X - 0 ___________ (R) - *-0Posttest Only Control Group
    --Two randomly assigned groups, no pretest, apply the treatment to one group, nothing to the second, administer a posttest to both groups
  37. 37What are the internal validity threats to PostTest Only Control Group?Subject, Experimenter, and Diffusion could be threats depending on study
  38. 38Explain this: (M)-X-0 __________ (M) - * - 0Matched Random Posttest Only Control Group
    --Uses a matching strategy to assign subjects to groups, no pretest, apply the treatment to one group, nothing to second, administer a posttest to both groups
  39. 39What are the internal validity threats to Matched Posttest Only Control Group?Subject, Experimenter, and Diffusion could be threats depending on study
  40. 40Explain This: (R)0-X-0 __________ (R)0-*-0Pretest Posttest Control Group
    -- Two randomly assigned groups, pretest, apply treatment to one group, nothing to second, administer posttest to both groups
  41. 41What are the internal validity threats to Pretest Posttest Only Control Group?Subject, Experimenter, and Diffusion could be threats depending on study.
  42. 42Explain this: (R)0-x-0 __________ (R)0-*-0 __________ (R)*-X-0Solomon Three Group
    --Three randomly assigned groups, pretest to two groups, apply the treatment to two groups, administer a posttest to all groups
  43. 43What are the internal validity threats to Solomon Three Groups?Subject and Experimenter Effect, and Diffusion could be
  44. 44Explain this: (R)0-X-0 __________ (R)0-*-0 _________ (R)*-X-0 __________ (R)*-*-0Solomon Four Group
    --Four randomly assigned groups, pretest to two groups, apply the treatment to two groups, administer a posttest to all groups
  45. 45What are the internal validity threats to Solomon Four Groups?Subject and Experimenter Effect, and Diffusion could be
  46. 46Explain this Quasi-Exp Design: 0-X-0 ______ 0-*-0Nonrandom Control Group Pretest Posttest
    --Two intact groups, pretest, apply the treatment to one group, nothing to second, administer a posttest to both groups
  47. 47What are the internal validity threats to Nonrandom Control Group Pretest Posttest?Regression could be
    Differential Selection, Selection-Maturation, Subject Effect, Experimenter Effect, and Diffusion are threats
  48. 48Explain this: B-C-D A-D-B D-A-C C-B-ACounterbalance Design
  49. 49What are the internal validity threats to Counterbalance Design?Differential Selection could be
    Selection Maturation, Subject Effect, Experimenter Effect, and Diffusion are threats
  50. 50Explain this: 01-02-03-04-X-05-06-07-08One Group Time Series Design
  51. 51What are the internal validity threats to One Group Time Series Designs?History, Subject Effect, and Experimenter Effect. Instrumentation could be
  52. 52Explain this: 01-02-03-04-X-05-06-07-08 ___________________________ 01-02-03-04-*-05-06-07-08Control Group Time Series Design
  53. 53What are the internal validity threats to the Control Group Time Series Design?Subject and Experimenter Effects, Diffusion could be.
  54. 54This is the extent that the results of an experiment can be generalized to different groups, settings, and measuring instruments.External Validity
  55. 55What are the three types of external validity?Population External Validity, Ecological External Validity, and External Validity of Operations
  56. 56This external validity is related to the way subjects are selected for a studyPopulation External Validity
  57. 57What is a threat to population external validity?Interaction between subject characteristics (ie. volunteers or differences)
  58. 58This external validity is able to generalize the results of the research to other situations, considers the environment in which the research was done.Ecological External Validity
  59. 59What are the threats to Ecological External Validity?Any interaction of the treatment with the experimental setting threatens ecological external validity. Examples are pretests, Hawthorne Effect, John Henry Effect, Novelty Effect, Experimenter Effect
  60. 60This external validity asks if similar results would be expected from different investigators with different operational definitions/procedures.External Validity of Operations
  61. 61What are the 6 threats to external validity?Selection Treatment Interaction
    Pretest-Treatment Interaction
    Setting - Treatment Interaction
    Subject Effects
    Experimenter Effects
    Operational Definitions
  62. 62How can you deal with threats to external validity?1) Random sample population
    2)Identify relevant characteristics of population and determine impact
    3)Control interactions
    4) Clearly stated operational definitions
    5) Replicate the research in new setting
  63. 63A study is ______ to the extent that the effect of influences, beyond the experimental variable, has been removed or minimizedInternally Valid
  64. 64A study is _______ to the extent that the subjects, experimental arrangements, and procedures are representative of the target setting, thus making results generalizable.External Validity
  65. 65______ is a pre-requisite for external validityInternal Validity

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Beschreibung
AGEE 642 Final Karteikarten am Class 9 October 24 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research, erstellt von Renee Conneway am 31/10/2017.
Erstellt von
Renee Conneway
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