Karteikarten
Professional Communication
Karten in diesem Stapel (104)
- 1Controversial issues can be discussed in an introduction if the author presents both sides of the issue and avoids what?Avoids animosity and ad hominem arguments in presenting the controversy
- 2Within a paragraph or sentence, how are elements in a series identifiedIdentify elements in a series by lowercase letters in parentheses.
Example:
The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone.
(p. 64) - 3Conclusions should be presented in what tense?Present tense
- 4When is it appropriate to use first person pronouns in APA style?Appropriate to use first person pronouns when describing steps in your experiment; this avoids ambiguity.
Example: We reviewed the literature vs. the authors reviewed the literature. - 5What are some caveats to consider when using vague terms such as this and these?-Precision and clarity
-Use pronouns that directly refer to something: this test vs. this, these items vs these - 6What guidelines determine the appropriateness of using the term students instead of participants to describe individuals in a study?Generally, the most descriptive term is appropriate. For example, if participants are students and their status as students is integral to your study, consider using the term students.
- 7What is an ad hominem argument?Short for argumentum ad hominem, is an argumentative strategy whereby an argument is rebutted by attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, or persons associated with the argument, rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself
- 8What are first-person pronouns?First person point-of-view refers to using the first-person pronouns I or We. If you write your paper with your co-authors, you might use we in the paper when you are referring to actions or beliefs that you and your co-authors have taken. The use of first person point-of-view is usually avoided in academic writing. But, sometimes you are allowed to use it; for example, when you explain your own data or primary resources.
- 9What is the difference between past tense and past perfect tense?These two tenses are both used to talk about things that happened in the past. However we use past perfect to talk about something that happened before another action in the past, which is usually expressed by the past simple. For example: "I had already eaten my dinner when he called."
- 10What are the current preferred descriptors for sexual orientation and gender (according to the APA)?Transgender: person whose gender identity differs from sex at birth
Transsexual: transgender persons who live or desire to live as full-time members of a sex other than their sex at birth
Gender refers to role and culture
Try to exclude gender by saying “Individual” or Police Officer versus Police man/woman - 11According to current APA guidelines, What is the difference between biological sex, gender, and sexual orientation?Biological sex - based off reproductive system
Gender is cultural and a role
Sexual Orientation refers to patterns of attraction, behavior, emotion, identity, and culture. Use sexual orientation and NOT sexual preference
Lesbians, gay men, bisexual men, bisexual women etc. are prefered
Try to avoid “homosexual” - 12How can you identify (and hopefully avoid) passive language“If you can insert ‘by zombies’ after the verb, it’s passive voice”
- 13How do you determine when to use that versus who?THAT: to refer to nonhumans and things, (can also use which)
WHO: to refer to human beings - 14How do you determine when to use who vs whom?Use who as the subject
If you can substitute he or she → who
Use whom as the object of a verb or a preposition
If you can substitute him or her → whom - 15What are two ways the following sentence can be changed to be more correct (hint: don’t forget punctuation alterations): The children which were assigned to the second group were asked to sit downThe children, who were assigned to the second group, were asked to sit down
The children assigned to the second group were asked to sit down - 16What are modifiers? What guidelines should be used to determine modifier placement in a sentence?A modifier is a word or phrase that modifies the structure of a sentence and typically adds detail and meaning
To minimize ambiguity, place adjectives and adverbs as close as possible to the words they modify
“Only” should be placed right next to what it modifies - 17What are relative pronouns? Know how to properly punctuation with relative pronouns.who, whom, that, which
- 18What guidelines should you use to determine if a period, a comma, or a semicolon should separate phrases?Periods: to end complete sentences.
Commas: to separate elements that do not have internal commas.
Semicolons: to separate 3 or more elements with internal commas. - 19When can a dash be used in written text?Use a dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in the continuity of a sentence.
Do not overuse because it weakens the flow of material.
E.g. These two participants - one from the first group and one from the second - were tested separately. - 20What rules (including capitalization) apply when using a colon in text?Capitalize the first word after a colon that begins a complete sentence and the first word after a colon in a title.
E.g. The author made one main point: No explanation that has been suggested so far answers all questions.
Between a grammatically complete introductory clause and a final phrase/clause
If the clause following the colon is a complete sentence, it begins with a capital letter
In ratios and proportions
In references between place of publication and publisher - 21How do you know if you should use dashes or parentheses for a phrase in written text?Use a dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in the continuity of a sentence. (p. 90)
Use parentheses to set off structurally independent elements. (p. 93) - 22Is there a space after colons in ratios?No
- 23Is there a space after the periods in the initials of personal names?Yes
- 24Is there a space after periods that separate parts of a reference? Bonus: What about periods after initials in references?Yes and yes!
EX: Thomas, B. L. (2017) - 25When highlighting key terms, should the terms be italicized, set-off with double quotation marks, set-off with single quotation marks, or capitalized?The terms should be italicized.
- 26How do you cite authors in text?Kessler (2003) found
Kessler and Rawson (2003) found
6 or more authors - Wasserstein et al., (2005) found - 27What do you do if you need to use parentheses inside of an existing parenthetical clause?you use brackets to set off a clause inside a clause which is already in parentheses.
(We also administered the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI; Beck, Steer, & Garbin, 1988], but those results are not reported here.) - 28How do you refer a reader to a table or figure in the text of your writing?….the correlations were significant (see Table 2).
T is capitalized and always provide specific table number - 29What determines if words should be hyphenated?If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen.
In a temporary compound that is used as an adjective before a noun, use a hyphen if the term can be misread or if the term expresses a single thought (i.e., all words together modify the noun). i.e. two-parent homes
Also use hyphens for
Compounds in which the base word is
capitalized: pro-Freudian
a number: post-1970
an abbreviation: pre-UCS trial
more than one word: non-achievement-oriented students
All "self-" compounds whether they are adjectives or nouns
self-report
self-esteem
the test was self-paced
Exception: self psychology
Words that could be misunderstood
re-pair [pair again]
re-form [form again]
un-ionized
Words in which the prefix ends and the base word begins with the same vowel
meta-analysis
anti-intellectual
co-occur - 30When should e.g., i.e., and etc. be used?Where: Only within parenthetical material.
Note: no space between “e” and “g” nor “i” and “e”
When: Use e.g. when referring to different possibilities/examples
Use i.e. when you need to clarify information and add more precise info - 31How do you cite a direct quotation found in the internet? What if there is no known author?Reference list:
Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://URL
In text: (Author, year)
No identified author or anonymous: cite the first few words of the reference which is usually the title and the year. Double quotes around the title of an article, chapter, or a web page and italicize if it’s a periodical, book, brochure or a report.
Pg 176
(“Study Finds”, 2007).
book - College Bound Seniors (2009). - 32How is a reference cited in a paragraph after the first citation?First citation
Make sure to write all the authors until there are 6 or more authors for the first citation
(Anderson, Gallup, & Lee, 2005).
(Anderson et al., 2005) - 33When should an ampersand be used for in text citations?Use an & only within ( ), if outside ( ), just say “and”
- 34What determines the order of two or more citations within the same parentheses?Alphabetized order
- 35How do you cite an internet source in the text of your paper?Follow the same format as for other sources, (author, year). If no author is given, use the title with double quotes around it:
The term Nittany Lion was coined by Penn State football player Joe Mason in 1904 (“All things Nittany”, 2006).
Reference entry
All things Nittany. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html
When the author is an organization, the organization name becomes the author. - 36Personal communications that are not archived or recoverable should be avoided, unless necessary to the manuscript. How do you cite personal communications that are not archived or recoverable?“Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible” (p. 179).
Ex: (V. G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998) - 37What are APA margin recommendations?“Leave uniform margins of at least 1 in. (2.54 cm) at the top, bottom, left, and right of every page” (p. 229).
- 38Is indentation used for paragraphs in APA style?Yes
one-half inch, not more - 39Should a title include abbreviations?No - spell it out but remember, title should not be longer than 12 words.
- 40When are ellipses used in APA style?(...) Omitted material from the original source
(....) Omission between two sentences - 41When quoting, are page number citations or paragraph numbers supplied in text?If there is a page yes cite it
If no pages i.e. Chapter or Paragraph cite Chapter XX or para. 4 - 42What is included at the end of a block quote?“At the end of a block quotation, cite the quoted source and the page or paragraph number in parentheses after the final punctuation mark” (p. 171).
If the quoted source is cited in the sentence introducing the block quote, only the page or paragraph number is needed at the end of the quotation. - 43How do you do a citation of a quotation in text?Author, year, page number
(Field, 2005, p. 180) - 44When is et al. used for in text citations?When citing 3 or more authors, second mention in text
1st time: (Sanchez, Zayas, & Patel, 2009).
2nd time (Sanchez et al., 2009).
Always use et al. (1st mention and beyond) for works of 6 or more authors - 45In text, how would you reference a specific table from a large US Department of Health and Human Services report?In text, refer to the table and tell the reader what to look for (p. 130)
Copyright permission is needed, so the table will require a general note (p. 138) to credit the source of the material. - 46What references are included in a reference list? Should uncited, but related references be included?No, only reference citations that were directly cited in text of paper
- 47Besides alphabetical order, what can determine order of references in a reference list? For example, multiple works by the same or similar author groups? Bonus: What if an author has two works in the same year?References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on…” (p. 182).
“References with the same authors [or groups of authors] in the same orders are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first” (p. 182).
References with the same author(s) and same publication date should be arranged alphabetically according to title of work. - 48What information is typically included in a reference list entry? Bonus: know the format, including order of information, italics, and punctuation.Name, year of publication, title of work, title of source it came from i.e. a journal, doi if available, volume, page numbers, URL if website
If book, City, state: publisher’s name
Example (p. 198):
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:xx.xxxx/xxxx-xxxx.xx.x.xxx
DOI - There is NO SPACE AFTER the colon (“doi:xxxxx”) - 49What is typically italicized in a reference list entry?The title of the periodical, title of a book, and volume number of a periodical i.e. Social Science Quarterly, 98, 510-515.
**DO NOT italicize article title or chapter title** - 50How is a DOI indicated in a reference list entry?it is placed after the page numbers, i.e.
510-517. doi:number
(no period after the doi number) - 51What words in an article title are capitalized in a reference list entry? Bonus: What if there is a colon in the title?“Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns” (p. 185).
if there is a colon, capitalize the word after the colon - ...to adolescence: A reader - 52What is the purpose and scope of a manuscript introduction?present the specific problem under study and describes the research strategy
- 53What is the purpose and scope of a results section? Bonus: what about participant recruitment?Summarize the collected data and the analysis performed on those data relevant to the discourse that is to follow. Report data in sufficient detail to justify conclusions, participant recruitment and periods of recruitment.
Provide dates defining the periods of recruitment and follow-up and the primary sources of the potential subjects, where appropriate. If these dates differ by group, provide the values for each group
p. 32 - 54Know the format of the five heading levels.First head: Centered, bolded, Uppercase and lowercase
Second: Flush left, bold, uppercase and lowercase
Third: Indented, bold, lowercase ending with a period
Fourth: Indented, bold, italicized, lowercase ending in a period
Fifth: Indented, italicized, lowercase ending in a period - 55What are some guidelines for verb tense in APA style?lit review- past tense or perfect past
The methodology - past tense if it has already happened.
The results section- past tense
implications of the results and conclusions in present tense. - 56What is singular and plural for: Data Phenomena Stimulus Bonus: know how to align these words to verbs.Plural/Singular
Data/Datum
Phenomena/Phenomenon
Stimulus/Stimuli - 57What is wrong with the following sentence: The group improved their performance after training.The link between the effects of training and the group’s improvement has not been established.
Possible example: The training led to the group’s improved performance. - 58When is it appropriate to use the word while in APA style?“Use while to link events occurring simultaneously; otherwise, use although, and, or but in place of while” (p. 84).
- 59How should the following sentence be punctuated: The digits were presented in the following order 5 6 8 9.The digits were presented in the following order: 5, 6, 8, 9
- 60How should slang or a coined expression be identified in text for the first use? Subsequent uses?use quotation marks when introducing the term “normal” and then no quotations thereafter just write, normal
- 61How do you refer a reader to a figure in text? Bonus: How is this done in a sentence?See Table 4
...were significant (see Table 4).
In a sentence: ...as shown in Table 8, the responses were.. - 62What is the difference between em dashes, en dashes, and hyphens in text?Hyphens (-) are used to connect two or more words (and numbers) into a single concept, especially for building adjectives. Likewise, some married women use hyphens to combine their maiden name with their spouse’s name:
There are fewer Italian-American communities these days.
They are also a necessary component of the numbers 21 through 99:
Before the exam, Tomas studied for thirty-three hours without sleep.
Em Dash - longer than a hyphen or an en dash, used to set off an element added to amplify or to digress from the main clause Studies--published
En dash is longer than a hyphen but shorter than an em dash and is used between words of equal weight i.e. Chicago-London Fligh - 63The standard spelling reference for APA journals is ___________? Bonus: What about for psychological terms?Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2005)
Psychological terms - use the APA Dictionary of Psychology. - 64Are all the words in a title capitalized?Titles of references (e.g., book titles, article titles) when they appear in the text of a paper (only first word in reference list)
Titles of inventories or tests,
Headings at Levels 1 and 2,
The title of your own paper and of named sections within it (e.g., the Discussion section), and
Titles of periodicals—journals, magazines, or newspapers—which are also italicized (e.g., Journal of Counseling Psychology, The New York Times) - 65What are the guidelines for capitalization of a hyphenated term?Don’t do it unless the second word is proper such as pro-Freudian, pre- UCS trial
- 66Which abbreviations are used only in parentheses?cf
e.g.
etc.
i.e.
viz.
vs.
V. - only for legal cases
exception - et al. is in and outside of ()
NEVER use ibid - 67What is a block quote and how is it formatted?A block quote is used when a quotation is longer than 40 words. Place them in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin. indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark
- 68Do direct quotations with less than 400 words from an APA journal or book need to be accompanied by a reference citation?Yes direct quotes always have to be cited
- 69Do direct quotations with less than 400 words from an APA journal or book need to be accompanied by a page number?Yes
- 70Do direct quotations with less than 400 words from an APA journal or book need to have permission from the copyright owner?No, as long as it is for education, scholarly comment, etc.
“Single text extracts for fewer than 400 words or series of text extracts totaling fewer than 800”
(pp. 234-235) - 71Do direct quotations with less than 400 words from an APA journal or book need to be footnoted if copyrighted?Copyright permission footnotes acknowledge the source of lengthy quotes, scale and test items…(p.38)
- 72Know how to cite first and subsequent references in text for works with more than two and less than six authorsOne author: 1st-Arnold (2017)
2-Arnold (2017)
Two authors: 1-Arnold and Thomas (2017)
2nd: Arnold and Thomas (2017)
Three authors: 1-Arnold, Thomas, and Sweet (2017)
2: Arnold et al. (2017) - 73Know how to cite first and subsequent references in text for works with two authors1 and 2 in text-Arnold and Thomas (2017)
1 and 2 parenthetical (Arnold & Thomas, 2017) - 74Know how to cite first and subsequent references in text for works with more than six authorFirst: Arnold et al. (2017)
Subsequent: Arnold et al. (2017) - 75Does a reference list include personal communications?No
- 76What are the pros and cons of synonym use in scientific writing?You may suggest a subtle difference by using them. Therefore, be careful
- 77When are semicolons used in a series instead of commas?Use semicolons to separate three or more elements that have internal commas.
See seriation (p. 64).
Example:
We tested three groups: (a) low scorers, who scored fewer than 20 points; (b) moderate scorers, who scored between 20 and 50 points; and (c) high scorers, who scored more than 50 points - 78What is the Oxford comma and is it used in APA styleAlso known as the Oxford comma, the serial comma is the final comma in a list of three items or more, and it is used immediately before and, or, and occasionally nor
- 79What are general guidelines about the need for hyphenating?Guideline 1: If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen
Guideline 2: In a temporary compound used as an adjective before a noun, use a hyphen if term can be misread or if term expresses a single thought
Ex: Two-parent homes
Guideline 3: Most compound adjective rules are applicable only when the compound adjective precedes the term in modifies. If a compound adjective follows the term, do not use a hyphen
Ex: Client-centered therapy
The therapist used client centered therapy
Guideline 4: Write most words formed with prefixes as one word
Guideline 5: When two or more compound modifiers have a common base, that base is sometimes omitted in all except the last modifier but hyphens are retained
Ex: Long- and short-term memory - 80How do you know if an abbreviation should be spelled out when it is first introduced?If it is not listed in the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2005) then you must spell it out first
- 81True or false Other than et al., Latin abbreviations should only be used in parentheses?True
“Exception: Use the abbreviation v. (for versus) in references and text citations to court cases, whether parenthetical or not” (p. 108 - 82True or false Other than et al., Latin abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are used?True
Outside of parentheses, spell these expressions out using the definitions
given in the Meaning column - 83True or false Other than et al., Latin abbreviations should never be used? Bonus: in terms of parentheses, should Latin abbreviations be inside or outside?False
They should be in but if you need to use them outside of ( ) then spell them out - 84Do reference entry URLs need to be updated periodically?It is preferable to cite the archival version or version of record as it has been peer reviewed and may provide links to supplemental materials. Before you publish, ensure the version you use is updated (p. 181)
- 85Where are page numbers located for APA format?Upper right hand corner
- 86Are pages used for figures numbered?No, should be numbered in the order in which they appear in the text, Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 etc
- 87What is the format for the References section of an APA manuscript?typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable i.e. References. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font
- 88Empirical study manuscripts usually include what major sections, in what order?Title
Author
Author Note
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Footnotes
Appendices and Supplemental - 89What are the purpose and format of an abstract?Brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article. Allows readers to survey the contents quickly.
On a separate page, with the running head and page number 2. The label Abstract in upper and lowercase letters and centered at the top of the page. Abstract should be in paragraph form with no indent.
150-250 words - 90What are the purpose, format, and introduction of sections for research manuscripts?introduce the problem
explore importance of the problem
describe relevant scholarship
state hypothesis and their correspondence to research design - 91What is included in a Results section for a research manuscript?Recruitment
Statistics and data analyses Ancillary analyses
Participant flow
Intervention or manipulation fidelity
Baseline data
Statistics and data analyses
Adverse events - 92When might speculation be appropriate in a Discussion section?When your opinions are allowed
it allows you to discuss the strengths, relevance, and what happened in your research
it is expressed concisely - 93What are general guidelines about the use of abbreviations?In APA, abbreviations should be limited to instances when a) the abbreviation is standard and will not interfere with the reader’s understanding and b) if space and repetition can be greatly avoided through abbreviation.
Always spell it out first
You can abbreviate time, but not days/weeks etc.
Standard abbreviations like units of measurement and states do not need to be written out. APA also allows abbreviations that appear as words in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary to be used without explanation (IQ, REM, AIDS, HIV). - 94How do you determine if a 0 should be placed before a decimal point?Use a zero before the decimal point with numbers that are less than 1 when the statistic can exceed 1
Do not use a zero with percentages - 95What symbol is used to designate a total population vs. a sample of the total population?N = total population
n = sample of the total population - 96True or false Tables should be integral to the text, but also clear enough to stand alone?True
- 97True or false Tables should not be duplicated in the text?True
“An informative table supplements—rather than duplicates—the text”
(p. 130). - 98True or false Tables should be referred to in text by their numbersTrue
(see Section 5.10, p. 130) - 99What types of abbreviations do and do not need to be explained in table headings or table notes?Do explain abbreviations that require long explanations or do not relate to the table title in a general note to the table
Do: technical names, group names and the like need to be explained
Sometimes abbreviations can be explained w/in the table i.e. Hit and False-Alarm (FA) Proportions
Don’t: standard statistical, symbols for nontechnical terms do not need to be explained - 100What is the purpose and format of a specific note for a table?A specific note refers to a particular column, row, or cell. Specific notes are indicated by superscript lowercase letters
(e.g., a, b, c )
p. 138 - 101Which manuscript sections always begin on a new page?Abstract, Reference page, appendices, figures
- 102Where are tables placed in a manuscript?Position table entries that are to be compared next to each other.
Consider how the order in which you present data conveys your meaning.
Keep tables clean. That is, include only essential data in your table. A cluttered table does not convey as much as a streamlined one does, despite its extra bulk.
Ensure that your table can be understood apart from the text. Define every abbreviation and explain any quirks in the table note, not the narrative.
Placed in the appendices and supplemental materials after the footnotes - 103How are tables referenced in text?In the text, refer to table by their number: as shown in Table 8, the responses were provided by children with pretraining…
(p. 130) - 104—
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