Karteikarten
Y10 Geography
Karten in diesem Stapel (27)
- 1Relief describes the physical features of the landscapes. It includes . . .Height above sea level
Steepness of slopes
The shapes of landform - 2Relief of a landscape depends on the . . .Geology
Or
Rock Type - 3How do waves form ?Wind blowing over the sea
Friction with the surface of the water causes ripples that develop into waves
Tsunamis form when earthquakes or volcanic eruptions shake the seabed - 4Fetch isThe distance the wind blows across the wave
- 5The longer the fetch ......bigger wave
- 6What is a swash and a backwash?Swash: water rushing up a beach
Backwash: water returning back to the sea - 7Constructive waves CHARACTERISTICS Wave height Wave length Crest Swash Backwash What is does to beach?Low
Long
Crest far apart
Strong swash (pushes larges amounts of sand pebbles up the beach)
Weak backwash
Builds beaches adding sand and pebbles - 8Destructive waves CHARACTERISTICS Wave height Wave length Crest Swash Backwash What does it do to a beach?Waves are high and steep
Wave very short
Crest very close together
Weak swash
Strong backwash (erodes sand pebbles)
Destroys the beach - 9Name 3 types of weathering?Mechanical (physical) -dinsintigration
Chemical -chemical changes
Biological - by plants flora/fauna - 10What is mass movement?Downward movement (sliding) of weathered material and rock under the influence of gravity.
- 114 types of mass movement and descriptionROCKFALL - rock breaks away (of a cliff face) often due to freeze thaw
LANDSLIDE - blocks of rock fall downhill
MUDFLOW - saturated (from a stream)
soil and weak rock flows downhill
ROTATIONAL SLIP - slumps of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface
(looks a bit like steps) - 12Name all 5 types coastal erosion and explain them?Solution - Dissolving of soluble chemicals in rock, e.g. limestone.
Corrosion - Rock fragments picked up by the sea are thrown at the cliff. They scrape and wear away the rock.
Abrasion - the ‘sandpapering’ effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform.
Attrition - Rock fragments carried by the sea knock against each other becoming smaller/more rounded.
Hydraulic power - The power of the waves as they hit a cliff. Trapped air is forced into the cracks in the rocks eventually causing it to break up. - 134 types of sediment transportationsSolution - dissolved chemicals often derived from limestone or chalk
Suspension - particles carried (suspended) within the water
Traction - large pebbles rolled along the seabed
Saltation - a ‘hoping’ or bouncing motion of particles too heavy too be suspended - 14Why is sediment deposited ?Waves slow down and lose energy
- 15What is longshore drift? DESCRIBEMovement of sediment along a coast
Waves are driven by prevailing waves
Waves arrive to the beach at an angle. Sediment move up at an angle and down perpendicular to the beach. - 16What factors influence coastal landforms?Rock type - some rocks (e.g. granite,limestone) are tougher and more resistant to erosion. Soft rocks (e.g. clay,sand) are more easily eroded.
Geological structure - includes the way that rock has been folded or tilted. Faults (cracks) form lines of weakness - 17How are headlands and bays formed?Resistant harder rock forms headlands
Bays are weaker less resistant rock that’s eroded away.
(Sheltered bays causes sand to be deposited) - 18Caves, arches,stacks and stumps EXPLAIN PROCESSESJoint and faults (cracks) are vulnerable to erosion
Abrasion and hydraulic action widen the joint or fault (crack) forming a cave
Erosion may lead lead to back-to-back caves
Or the original cave gets bigger it finally breaks through the headland forming an arch.
The arch get bigger. Due to gravity and weathering the arch eventually collapses.
This leaves an isolated stack.
The stack gets eroded and collapses, leaving a stump. - 19Cliffs and wave cut platform EXPLAIN HOW A WAVE-CUT PLATFORM IS CREATED.A wave breaks against a cliff
Erosion at a high tide will form a WAVE-CUT NOTCH
Overtime the notch deepens undercutting the cliff
Overlying cliff eventually collapses due to gravity.
This process keeps repeating it self causing the cliff to retreat.
Leaving behind a gentle sloping rocky platform - A WAVE-CUT PLATFORM - 20What are beaches? They are created by ...... Why in some areas pebble beaches formed?Deposit of sand and shingle
(Mainly found in sheltered bays)
Created by constructive waves
Along high energy coastline sand is washed away leaving behind pebbles.
A PEBBLE BEACH IS THEN FORMED - 21At the back of the beach, sand blown inland can build up to form dunes Describe the formation.Sand blown around a obstacle like rocks an embryo dune is created
The dune becomes bigger and higher. They are then stabilised by vegetation (e.g. marram grass) forming a tall yellow dune.
Decomposing vegetation make the sand fertile and a wider range of plants start to colonise the dunes.
Ponds (done slacks) can form in depressions - 22Spits and bars What are they?A split is long finger of sand of shingle jutting out to sea
A bar is formed when a spit grows across a bay and reaches to another headland - 23Spit and bars FormationLongshore drift transport sand along the coast
Spit starts to form and grows out into the sea
Waves and wind causes the spit to curve inwards.
Behind the spit a salt arch forms in sheltered water behind the spit as river mud and deposit builds up.
It a spit grows out into the sea far enough and reaches a headland. Connecting headlands together it’s then called a bar. - 24SWANAGE DORSETSouth coast of England
Poole Harbour - one of the UK’s largest natural harbours. Two spits have formed at the mouth.
Studland bay - there are lagoons, salt marshes, sand dunes and beaches
Bands of hard and soft rock created headlands and bays.
Swanage sits on a Jurassic coast
CONCORDANT DISCORDANT COASTLINES
Headlands- the foreland, Ballard point, peveril point, Durlston head
Bays - studland bay and swanage bay
Beaches - studland and swanage beach
Stacks - old harry - 25What is a concordant and discordant coastline?Concordant - is when the bands of rock types are parallel to the coast. Meaning the coast is formed mainly from one rock type.
Discordant - when the coastline consist of alternate bands of rock which creates headlands and bays. - 26What is hard engineering, soft engineering and managed retreat?Hard engineering -uses artificial structures to control natural processes
Soft engineering - involves methods that work with natural processes
Managed retreat - controlled retreat of the coast
(e.g. by allowing the sea to flood low-lying land). - 27Name 4 types of hard engineeringSea walls - concrete or rock barrier at the foot of cliffs or top of beach CURVED TO REFLECT WAVES OUT TO SEA
Greyness - rock or timber structure built at right angles to the beach. They trap sediment moves by longshore drift.