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![- My name is Moua (moo-ah) , I am from Laos. I am from the Hmong [m̥ɔ̃ŋ]) ethnic group.](https://examtimeassets.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/media/image/16999252/desktop_95144601-e07f-4229-95d8-1ed6de67a4cd.png)
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- 1—- My name is Moua (moo-ah) , I am from Laos. I am from the Hmong [m̥ɔ̃ŋ]) ethnic group.
![- My name is Moua (moo-ah) , I am from Laos. I am from the Hmong [m̥ɔ̃ŋ]) ethnic group.](https://examtimeassets.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/media/image/17007718/desktop_667e4558-8cc9-4edb-9c57-eac6f6c7bc26.jpg)
- 2—-Laos is located in the continent of Southeast Asia, where it is mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus.
- Laos has a 5,274.00 km border with Burma (238 km), Cambodia (555 km), China (475 km), Thailand (1,845 km) and Vietnam (2,161 km).
- 3—- Lao: The Official Language Of Laos
- The major Lao dialects are Southern Lao, Vientiane Lao, Western Lao, Central Lao, Northeastern Lao, and Northern Lao
- There are quite a number of minority languages spoken in Laos but the most common ones are Khmu and Hmong
- 4Hmong Language (Language of Moua (moo-ah))- The Hmong language has two main groups that are used in Laos. These are White Hmong (Hmong Daw) and green/blue Hmong (Hmong Njua).
The main difference between these two is in their lexicon and pronunciation.
The difference is also in the word structure and the grammar. As such, the extent of clearness in these languages is significantly less.
Hmong Daw appears to be the dominant language because the majority of the people discern and comprehend it better - 5—- Laos counts about 80 ethnical groups which can be grouped into 4 families. Each group speaking its own dialect and having its own customs, traditions, religion, etc.
- The Laos Thais (or Laos Loum of The Low Lands) : represent 75% of the population of Laos, and encompass 23 ethnical groups
- The Laos Theung (Middle Altitude Lands) : also called proto-Chinese, include 58 different ethnical groups
- The Laos Soung (live in the Mountains above 1000 meters) : especially the Hmongs (or Meos, a highly pejorative term), and the Yaos
- Other Asians
- 6Family Structure (Hmong)- There are 18 clans in the Hmong culture, each with a different name
- Children are members of their father's clan. Women, upon marriage, become members of their husband's clan, but typically retain their original clan — or, rather, maiden name. Members of the same clan consider themselves family.
Clan surnames are: Chang/Cha, Cheng, Chue, Fang, Her, Hang Khang, Kong, Kue, Lee/Ly, Lor, Moua, Pha, Thao, Vang, Vue, Xiong, Yang.
- Households of over twenty persons are not uncommon, although ten to twelve persons are more likely.
- Today there are nuclear family and extended family households. A typical Hmong household consists of parents, unmarried children, and married sons and their families. - 7Hmong Traditions- The New Year Festival (the most important Hmong American holiday that last four to seven days). takes place around the time of the new moon in December. The purpose of the New Year ceremonies is to get rid of the evil influences of the old year and to invoke good fortune for the new
- 8Hmong Cultural norms- Hmong passed down their history orally or through story cloths (paj ntaub). A Romanized writing system was developed by missionaries in the 1950s.
-Long Funerals: According to Hmong tradition, when a person dies, his soul must return to his birthplace, then travel on to meet his ancestors in the afterlife. Rituals during the days-long ceremony are meant to ensure safe passage.
- funerals typically begin on a Friday morning and continue day and night until Monday, when the body is buried.
- he Hmong practice levirate marriages ( the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's widow).
- Bride kidnapping occurs when parents disapprove of a match or boy doesn't get along with the girls parents. - 9Religion/ Beliefs- Beliefs: Eclipses are caused when the frog spirit swallows the moon.
- The Hmong religion is traditionally animist (animism is the belief in the spirit world and in the interconnectedness of all living things): Also known as "Satsana Phi"
- The predominant religion of Laos is Theravada Buddhism
- 10Education System (Loas) and Barriers for Moua- From a young age, children help with chores and become engaged in village life.
- Literacy rates are low because most children don't go to school.
-Young boys are taught to hunt and learn local custom by attending ceremonies and rituals.
-Girls are taught weaving, singing and other skills from their mothers
- Children learn subsistence skills by working in the fields at a relatively young age. - 11Other relevant facts that has impacted/ Will impact the education of Moua- Couples are often very young when they get married. Many get married when they 14 or 15. Often the only way an unhappy wife can get out of here marriage is through suicide..
-Because of Lao Sung cultural attitudes toward girls' and women's responsibilities, girls are less likely than boys to attend school and attend for fewer years. - 12Hmong Language Characteristics- The number of tones will vary between 6 and 12.
- The phonetic system tends to be somewhat like that of Burmese or the Wu dialects of China.
-Green Hmong as an example, the tones are high-level, high-falling, mid-falling, low falling, mid rising and a very low, very short tone often ending with a” creak somewhat resembling the low entering tone of Cantonese.
- there are no prefixes or suffixes, agreement between adjectives and nouns.
- 13Spread and prevalence of the English Language in the country (Laos)- the English teachers are not well-trained; for instance, they use Lao language when teaching, so they cannot perform well to attract the interest of the students.
- students lack of English foundation background.
- students lack of confidence to use English because they are afraid of mistakes and shy feeling.
- Curriculum is inappropriate for helping students to improve their English proficiency.
-English language is difficult to learn due to students are not well-motivated, encouraged and gained learning strategy. - 14Current status of Laos- 2018 Laos dam collapse
- Laotian Civil War (1962 – 1975). Laos became the most heavily bombed country per capita in history. There are unexploded ordnances still left in Laos, which is mostly a danger to kids because they mistake these for toys. - 15Education In Laos- The Laos government spends very little on education.
- Laos wants to improve the schools but lacks the funds to do so
- Education is compulsory, free, and universal through the fifth grade.
High fees for books and supplies and a general shortage of teachers in rural areas prevented many children from attending school. - 16Literacy- age 15 and over can read and write
- Overall, there are more illiterate women than men
-Causes of female illiteracy vary across provinces and among the different ethnic groups, but poverty, distance, costs, and traditional beliefs tend to be the main factors - 17School Life- A typical school has no lights, no books or pencils and a dirt floor, Children squeeze behind wood benches, copying lessons on beat up writing tablets. In the winter, children bundle up in coats because there is no heat.
- 18Barriers to education in America for Moua (!2 years old)1. Lack of English proficiency
2. American culture: "Gestures" being the biggest.
3. Education motivation due to cultural attitudes toward girls' and women's responsibilities: girls are less likely than boys to attend school and attend for fewer years.
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Rick M am 13/09/2018.
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- Rick M
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