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Packet 1- DNA BIO

paulinemansour BIO 120 Freshman in College Englisch 83 Karten

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  1. 1Description of a prokaryotic/ bacteria chromosomesingle circular chromosome
  2. 2Eukaryotic chromosome descriptionlinear; number from 2-1260; usually come in pairs
  3. 3Nucleosomesspools wrapping DNA
  4. 4What happens to the DNA nucleosome chain?It is further coiled and super-coiled, we package our DNA so its more condensed.
  5. 5HistoneWhat DNA is wrapped around
  6. 6What is Central Dogma?DNA --> RNA --> Protein. DNA to pre-mRNA is transcription. Pre-mRNA to mRNA is RNA processing. mRNA to the protein (ribosome) is translation.
  7. 7What is DNA made of and what is its shape?composed of two strands of nucleotides twisted into shape of double helix.
  8. 84 nucleotidesThymine
    Adenine
    Cytosine
    Guanine
  9. 9How are nucleotide strand held together?Hydrogen Bonds between each base forming a structure like a spiral staircase.
  10. 10How are the rings paired?2 ring structure paired with one ring structure. AT and CG are paired together because size and hydrogen bonding.
  11. 11What holds the molecule together?Hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases on complementary strands of DNA.
  12. 12How many hydrogen bonds hold A and T together? How many hold G and C together?2 hydrogen bonds hold A and T together and 3 hydrogen bonds hold G and C together.
  13. 13What are the pairs of nucleotides? (say the full name)Adenine with thymine
    Guanine with cytosine
  14. 14How is the backbone of the 2 strands?They are opposite of anti parallel orientation.
  15. 15How are the 2 strands numbered?One strand 5 prime- 3 prime
    Other strand 3 prime- 5 prime
  16. 16How do the 3 and 5 primes end?3 prime ends in a hydroxyl
    5 prime ends in a phosphate
  17. 17Why was DNA structure important? (3 key properties)DNA suggested how genetic material might determine structure of proteins. Also, if nucleotide of DNA specify the amino acid then mutation is possible by substituting one base for another. Also, possible copying mechanism
  18. 18Watson and Cricks model for semi conservative replicationThere was a parent molecule. Those 2 strands separated. They replicated and made there "daughter" strands. The daughter strands went and clicked with the original strand. So now, theres 2 molecules, consisting of one parent and one new "daughter" strand.
  19. 19DNA replication is needed for what?cell division
  20. 20What is the first step to DNA replication?Proteins attach to origin site on DNA.
  21. 21What is the second step to DNA replication?Proteins separate strands of DNA, creating replication bubble.
  22. 22What is the 3rd step to DNA replication?Each end of the bubble has a replication fork where parental strand continues to be unwound.
  23. 23What happens to the unwound areas in the 4th step to DNA replication? What is used as a template?Unwound areas serve as template for synthesis (production) of new complementary DNA strand. Both of the strands serve as templates (parent and daughter)
  24. 24What direction does replication occur?Replication occurs in both directions.
  25. 25How many origins are required and why?Many origins are required to have replication happen relatively quick. The origins are on our chromosomes.
  26. 26Helicasesan enzyme of DNA replication that untwists and separates DNA at replication fork
  27. 27Single-stranded binding proteinsenzyme of DNA replication that keep separated DNA strands apart.
  28. 28TOPoisomerasean enzyme of DNA replication that relives strain of coiled DNA ahead of fork. (so it can be easily unwinded when the protein attaches to its origin and creates the bubble with the replication fork)
  29. 29Primasemakes a small RNA molecule (primer) complementary to the DNA that is required to start replication (imagine it together, then apart, then together again but with new strands, and at the together again starting point you have that RNA primer, primase)
  30. 30DNA polymeraseit is an enzyme of DNA replication that speeds up (catalyzes) the synthesis (making) of new DNA by adding complementary nucleotides
  31. 31In the leading strand, Where is the only place nucleotides can be added to?the 3 prime end.
  32. 32In the leading strand, DNA molecules can only grow longer in what direction?5 prime to 3 prime
  33. 33In the leading strand, What does primase make?a primer with a 3 prime end
  34. 34In the leading strand, What does DNA polymerase III do? What direction does it move?It recognizes the primer(from primase) and then adds nucleotides to the 3 prime end. It moves in the same direction the fork is moving.
  35. 35In the leading strand, ____ primers are required for _______________. Replication is ________.only one primer is required for the replication of the leading strand. Replication is continuous
  36. 36Lagging Strand Replication and what additional enzymes are there?DNA pol III moves away from the fork and the direction still goes from 5 prime to 3 prime. This requires many primers (opposite of the leading strand, only needed one primer). The additional enzymes are DNA pol I and ligase.
  37. 37In the replication bubble, think of the leading stand as the ____ strand, and the lagging strand as ___ strands with many primers.one long; cut up
  38. 38Okazaki Fragmentsshort DNA on the lagging strand during the process of DNA replication. Its the RNA primer + the DNA fragment.
  39. 39DNA polymeraseenzymes that form nucleic acid molecules.
  40. 40DNA ligaseconnects DNA fragments.
  41. 41Making of DNA in lagging strands (4)1. Primase makes primer
    2. Primers is attached to DNA by DNA polymarse III
    3. DNA pol I removes RNA at 5' end of neighboring fragment and fill gap
    4. DNA ligase connects the adjacent DNA strands
  42. 42DNA replication, what makes it accurate? How fast is it? When is leading and lagging happening?Incredibly accurate due to proofreading of the DNA pol III and I. 1000 nucleotides made per second, one chromosome about 40 minutes. Replication in leading and lagging strand is coordinated. The leading and lagging are happening at the same time. Lagging does not mean slower.
  43. 43Semiconservative (replication)relating to replication of a nucleic acid in which one complete strand of each double helix is directly made from the parent molecule.
  44. 44ReplicationDuplication of DNA molecule required for cell division
  45. 45Transcriptionmaking of RNA to DNA, required for making proteins
  46. 46Translationmaking of polypeptides from RNA, required for expression of gene (protein being present in the cell)
  47. 47RNA is ______, DNA is ________.transcipt; transcribed
  48. 48How many strands of DNA is template for gene transcription?1
  49. 49what does RNA polymerse do?speeds up the making of RNA from DNA.
  50. 50what is RNA? what nucleotides do they include? What is the sequence?single stranded nucleotide strains formed of sugar ribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases. They include thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine. 5 prime to 3 prime, just like DNA
  51. 51In RNA, what forms hydrogen bonds? with what?Uracil forms hydrogen bonds with adenine.
  52. 52first class of RNA, explain itMessenger RNA: An RNA molecule transcribed from DNA of a gene, a protein is translated from this RNA.
  53. 53What is the second class of RNA? explain it and explain what it includesactive RNA's never translated into protein. Include transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, small nuclear RNAs, MicroRNAs, small interferring RNAs. This is important for the regulation (making) of our genes.
  54. 54The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____RNA primer complementary to the preexisting DNA strand.
  55. 55What catalyzes DNA synthesis?DNA polymerase
  56. 56Where is the Okazaki fragments formed on?The lagging strand of the DNA.
  57. 571 stage of Eukaryote TranscriptionInitiation: Correctly position RNA polymerase. This is how the RNA knows where to attach.
  58. 582 stage for eukaryote transcriptionElongation: adding and linking ribonucleotides, and unwinding and rewinding DNA template. This is how we make the transcipt.
  59. 593rd stage of eukaryote transcriptiontermination: the release of RNA and RNA polymerase from DNA template. This is how we know when it ends.
  60. 604th stage of eukaryote transcriptionprocessing of RNA into mRNA
  61. 61Initiation of Transcription: regulatory regionAll genes have a region that never gets transcribed, this is the regulatory region
  62. 62Initiation of Transcription: What is in the regulatory region and what bind to it?The promoter. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.
  63. 63How does RNA polymerase bind to the promoter?the help of other proteins called transcription factors.
  64. 64What happens when the RNA polymerase is bound?transcription can start at start site.
  65. 65Elongation of Transcription: what is being used?Only one strand is the template strand being used.
  66. 66Elongation of Transcription: Where are the ribonucleotides added in transcription?The 3' end.
  67. 67What direction does transcription occur?5'-3'
  68. 68What does the RNA polymerase do in elongation of Transcription?RNA polymerase opens and closes the DNA as it moves along and adds ribonucleotides to the growing strand of RNA.
  69. 69What direction is the DNA template strand? What about the non template strand?3'-5' orientation/ the non template is in the 5' and 3' orientation.
  70. 70RNA is always transcribed in5'-3' orientation
  71. 71Termination of Transcription: What happens at the end of every gene?a specific DNA sequence that terminates elongation
  72. 72Termination of Transcription: what happens to polymerase?it is released once it reaches that DNA sequence that terminates elongation and is removed from DNA molecule.
  73. 73Termination of Transcription: after the polymerase is removed, what happens to the RNA transcript?it must now be turned into mRNA.
  74. 74Processing of RNA into mRNA: what has to happen to RNA before translation?RNA must be processed before it can leave the nucleus and be translated, hence RNA to mRNA.
  75. 753 steps to processing of RNA into mRNA1. Addition of 5' cap
    2. Addition of 3' poly-A tail
    3. Splicing to eliminate introns
  76. 765'Cap: what are they, what do they protect, and when are they addedthey are extra nucleotides that are added to beginning of RNA. The 5' cap protect RNA from degradation. The cap is added at the beginning of transcrption.
  77. 77What is the 5' cap required for?translation
  78. 783' poly A-tail: what is it, when is it addedPoly-A tail is 150-200 adenine ribonucleotides. They are added after termination of transciption.
  79. 79What is 3' poly-A tail required for (2)for transport and stability of mRNA into nucleus, it is also required for translation
  80. 80genes include Introns thatcode and separate exons (proteins)
  81. 81When are introns removed?during transcription and exons rejoined by RNA splicing machinery.
  82. 82Exons do what?code for proteins
  83. 83Alternative splicingA way one gene can encode for multiple proteins. 9 proteins from the same pre-mRNA transcript. Many genes code for many proteins due to splicing.

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Freshman in College BIO 120 Karteikarten am Packet 1- DNA BIO, erstellt von paulinemansour am 28/10/2014.
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