Karteikarten
CELL STRUCTURE 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (32)
- 1What are the major PrecursorsH2O
CO2
Nitrogen (NH+4,NO-3 and N2) - 2Name the Organisational levels of Bio moleculesInorganic Precursors
Metabolites
Building Blocks
Macro molecules
Supra molecular complexes - 3What hold these molecules together-Covalent Bond
-Weaker chemical forces
*Hydrogen Bond
*Van Der Waals forces
*Ionic interaction
*Hydrophobic interaction - 4Main factors about Van Der Waals forcesTEMPORARY
-Causes electrical interactions
-Dipole dipole interaction
-Dispersion
-Electrons are always moving
-Precise fit - 5Main factors about Hydrogen Bonds-Hydrogen bonded to an electronegative atom (O/N)
-Also connected to a second electronegative atom that serves as a hydrogen bond acceptor
-Highly directional
-Form straight line
-Specific - 6Main factors about Ionic interactions-Attractive forces between oppositely charged polar function
-Radially disrupted
-Can involve ions, permanent dipoles, induced dipoles - 7Main factor about Hydrophobic interactions-Caused by non-polar groups excluding water
-Often found buried away from aqueous environment
- Causes bio molecule interaction
-Define the environmental limit that biological systems can function in - 8What are the two broad classes of cellsProkaryotes and Eukaryotes
- 9What are three broad domain of lifeEubacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes - 10Name five function of the membrane1.Exclude certain toxins and ions
2. Responsible for accumulation of cell nutrients
3. Energy transduction
4. Cell locomotion
5.Reproduction - 11General membranes structure-Bilayer
-Contains lipids and proteins
-5nm thick - 12what is the difference between Eukaryotes and prokaryotes membrane wiseEukariotic cells have membranes in almost of the organelles and prokaryotes only have plasma membrane
- 13What are biological membranes composed ofLipids and Proteins
- 14What is the structure of lipids in the membrane-Amphipathic
the membrane has a polar head which is polar and hydrophilic and a non-polar tail which is hydrophobic - 15What are the two proteins found at the membraneIntegral membrane protein-within
Peripheral membrane protein-attached - 16Explain amphipathic lipidsThey form an organised structure in an aqueous environment to minimize water interaction with hydrophobic tail
- 17What is fluid mosaic modelits the ability of the amphipathic membrane to bend, tilt and rotate due to the fluidity of the membrane bilayer.
Lipids and proteins can move laterally and rotate - 18What is the affect of transition temperatureWhen the temperature is above the transition temp lipids are mobile and flexible, however when the transition temperature is low the lipids are slightly packed.
TRANSITION TEMP IS DETERMINED BY THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE MEMBRANE - 19What are two components of amino acidsCarboxylic head group and Hydrocarbon tail
- 20Difference of saturated and unsaturated in tailsSaturated-No double bonds
Unsaturated- Has a double bond and puts a bend in the fatty acid - 21What lipids make up membrane-Glycerolipids
-Cholesterol
-Sphingolipids
Glycolipids can either be glycerolipids or sphingolipids - 22What are the features and characteristics of glycerolipids-Most abundant lipid in the membrane
-Glycerophospholipids are responsible for the bilayer. Made up of two fatty acids, a phosphate, and usually one other small molecule - 23phosphatidic acidParent of a variety of phospholipids
- 24what are the polar groups (alcohol and acid ) esterified toPhosphoric acid which forms the head group
- 25Name the three major phospholipids found in mammalian membrane-Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine
-Phosphatidyl-serine has COO-
-Phosphatidyl-choline has CH3-N-CH
CH3 - 26What are the features of cholesterol-Amphipathic lipid polar hydroxyl
-Bidirection regulator of membrane fluidity
-In high temperature it increases Tm and stabilizes the membrane
-Prevents fatty acid tails of phosopholipids from crystallizing
-20% of plasma membrane
-Second most abundant - 27Sphingolipids-Important in cell signaling and signal transduction
-More common in brain and nervous system
- Sphingomyelin important in membranous myelin sheath found around nerve axon - 28Lipid rafts characteristic-Localized regions of elevated glycoshpingolipid and cholestrol content
-FA side chains of lipid raft phospholipids more saturated allowing closer packing with sphingolipid acyl chain
-Insoluble in non-ionic detergents
-Proteins in raft area are associated with cell signalling
-Important in signal transduction - 29Lipid raft characteristics-Contain twice as much as cholestrol and 30 % more sphingolipids that the rest
-Cytocol side of the raft differs in composition from the extracellular side
-Different classes of raft contain different configurations of protein - 30Bacteria cell wallGram positive- Purple, thick peptidoglycan and one lipid bilayer
Gram negative- Pink, thin peptidoglycan an two lipid bilayer. Direct amide bonds between peptidoglycan - 31MitochondriaPowerhouse of the cell
two membranes
Oxidasive phosphorilation- regenerates majority of ATP in the cell
Uses majority of oxygen in the cell - 32ChloroplastConverts light and CO2 into sugar
Photosynthesis- Light reaction (Energy gathering) Dark reaction ( CO2 fixation)
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Characteristic of cells, organelles and membrane. Features and characteristics of the membrane that are vital for different roles e.g Lipids.
- Erstellt von
- Ali Mohamed Omar · Feb 2019
- Aktualisiert
- 28 Feb 2019
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- 18
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