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Hannah Afman Englisch 271 Karten

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  1. 1acidosisan abnormal increase in blood hydrogen ion concentration
  2. 2acidscompounds capable of giving up hydrogen ions into solution
  3. 3actinstructural protein of muscle that works with myosin in permitting muscular contraction
  4. 4action potentialthe all-or-none electrical event in the neuron or muscle cell in which the polarity of the cell membrane is rapidly reversed and then reestablished
  5. 5activation energyenergy required to initiate a chemical reaction
  6. 6Adenosine diphosphatea molecule that combines with inorganic phosphate to form ATP
  7. 7adenosine triphosphatethe high energy phosphate compound synthesized and used by cells to release energy for cellular work
  8. 8adrenal cortexSynthesizes and secretes corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone and androgens
  9. 9ACTH hormonehormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex
  10. 10aerobicin the presence of oxygen
  11. 11afferent fibernerve fibers that carry neural information back to the central nervous system
  12. 12afferent neuronssensory neuron carrying information toward the central nervous system
  13. 13aldosteronea corticosteriod hormone involved in the regulation of electrolyte balance
  14. 14alkalosisan abnormal increase in blood concentration of OH- ions, resulting in a rise in arterial pH
  15. 15alveolar ventilationthe volume of gas that reaches the alveolar region of the lung
  16. 16alveolimicroscopic air sacs located in the lung where gas exchange occurs between respiratory gases and the blood
  17. 17anaerobicwithout oxygen
  18. 18anaerobic thresholdcommonly used term meant to describe the level of oxygen consumption at which there is a rapid and systematic increase in blood lactate concentration
  19. 19anatomical dead spacethe total volume of the lung that does not participate in gas exchange
  20. 20anabolic steroidprescription drug that has anabolic or growth stimulating, characteristics similar to that of the male androgen, testosterone
  21. 21androgenic steroidcompound that has the qualities of an androgen; associated with masculine characteristics
  22. 22androgensmale sex hormones. synthesized in the tests and in limited amounts in the adrenal cortex. steroids that have masculinizing effects
  23. 23angiotensin I and IIthese compounds are polypeptides formed front the cleavage of a protein by the action of the enzyme renin produced by the kidneys, and converting enzyme in the lung
  24. 24anorexia nervosaan eating disorder characterized by rapid weight loss due to failure to consume adequate amounts of nutrients
  25. 25anterior hypothalamusanterior portion of the hypothalamus; the hypothalamus is an area of the brain below the thalamus that regulate the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland
  26. 26anterior pituitaryanterior portion of the pituitary gland that secretes follicle stimulating hormone. luteinizing hormone adrencorticotrophic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone and prolactin
  27. 27antidiuretic hormonehormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that promotes water retention by the kidney
  28. 28aortic bodiesreceptors located in the arch of the aorta that are capable of detecting changes in arterial PO2
  29. 29arrythmiaabnormal electrical activity in the heart
  30. 30arterieslarge vessels that carry arterialized blood away from the heart
  31. 31arteriolesa small branch of an artery that communicates with a capillary network
  32. 32articular cartilagecartilage that covers the ends of the bones in a synovial joint
  33. 33atmospheric pressuredownward force exerted in the earth's surface due to the weight of the air above that point
  34. 34ATPaseenzyme capable of breaking down ATP to ADP + Pi + energy
  35. 35ATP-PC systemmetabolic pathway involving muscle stores of ATP and the use of phosphocreatine to rephosphorylate ADP. Used at the onset of exercise and during short-term, high-intensity work
  36. 36AV nodemass of muscle tissue located in the interventricular septum of the heart; functions in the transmission of cardiac impulses from the atria to the ventricle
  37. 37autonomic nervous systemportion of the nervous system that controls the actions of visceral organs
  38. 38autoregulationmechanism by which an organ regulates blood flow to match the metabolic rate
  39. 39axonnerve fiber that conducts a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
  40. 40BMR basal metabolic ratemetabolic rate measured in supine position following a 12-hour fast, and 8 hours of sleep
  41. 41basescompounds that ionize in water to release hydroxyl ions or other ions that are capable of combining with hydrogen ions
  42. 42beta oxidationbreakdown of free fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA
  43. 43bioenergeticschemical processes involved with the production of cellular ATP
  44. 44Bohr effectthe right shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve due to a decrease of blood pH. Results in a decreased affinity for oxygen
  45. 45bradycardiaresting heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
  46. 46brain stemportion of the brain that includes midbrain, pons, and medulla
  47. 47buffera compound that resists pH change
  48. 48bulimiaan eating disorder characterized by eating and forced regurgitation
  49. 49bulk flowmass movement of molecules from an area of high pressure to an are of lower pressure
  50. 50calcitoninhormone released from they thyroid gland, that plays a minor role in calcium metabolism
  51. 51capillariesmicroscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules. portion of vascular system where blood/tissue gas exchange occurs
  52. 52cardiac accelerator nervespart of the sympathetic nervous system that stimulates the SA node to increase heart rate
  53. 53cardiac outputthe amount of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time. equal to product of heart rate and stroke volume
  54. 54cardiovascular control centerthe area of the medulla that regulates the cardiovascular system
  55. 55carotid bodieschemoreceptors located in the internal carotid artery, respond to changes in arterial PO2
  56. 56catecholaminesorganic compounds, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
  57. 57cell bodythe soma, or major portion of the body of a nerve cell. contains the nucleus
  58. 58cell membranethe lipid bilayer envelope that encloses cells
  59. 59cellular respirationprocess of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in cells
  60. 60central commandthe control of the cardiovascular or pulmonary system by cortical impulse
  61. 61central nervous systemportion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
  62. 62cerebellumportion of the brain that is concerned with fine coordination of skeletal muscles during movement
  63. 63cholesterolcan be synthesized in cells or consumed in the diet/ serves as a precursor of steroid hormones
  64. 64concentric actionoccurs when a muscle is activated and shortens
  65. 65conductiontransfer of heat from warmer to cooler objects that are in contact with each other
  66. 66Cori cyclecycle of lactate-to-glucose between the muscle and liver
  67. 67cortisolglucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex upon stimulation by ACTH
  68. 68coupled reactionslinking of energy-liberating chemical reactions to 'drive' energy-requiring reactions
  69. 69cycle ergometera stationary exercise cycle that allows accurate measurement of work output
  70. 70cytoplasmcontents of the cell surrounding the nucleus
  71. 71deficiencyshortcoming of some essential nutrient
  72. 72delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)muscle soreness that occurs 12 to 24 hours after an exercise bout
  73. 73dendritesportion of the nerve fiber that transmits action potentials toward a nerve cell body
  74. 74deoxyhemoglobinhemoglobin not in combination with oxygen
  75. 75diaphragmmajor respiratory muscle responsible for inspiration
  76. 76diastoleperiod of filling of the heart between contractions (resting phase of the heart)
  77. 77diastolic blood pressurearterial blood pressure during diastole
  78. 78diffusionrandom movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  79. 79dynamicrefers to an isotonic muscle action
  80. 80dynamic stretchingstretching that involves controlled movement
  81. 81dyspneashortness of breath or labored breathing
  82. 82eccentric actionoccurs when a muscle is activated and force is produced but the muscle lengthens
  83. 83effectororgan or body part that responds to stimulation by an efferent neuron
  84. 84efferent fibersnerve fibers that carry neural information front he central nervous system to the periphery
  85. 85efferent neuronconducts impulses from the CNS to the effector organ
  86. 86ejection fractionproportion of end-diastolic volume that is ejected during a ventricular contraction
  87. 87electrocardiogramrecording of the electrical changes that occur int eh myocardium ding the cardiac cycle
  88. 88electron transport chainseries of cytochromes in the mitochondria that are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation
  89. 89endergonic reactionsenergy requiring reactions
  90. 90endocrine glandgland that produces and secretes its products directly into the blood or interstitial fluid
  91. 91endomorphysomatotype category that is rated for roundness (fatness)
  92. 92endomysiuminner layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
  93. 93end plate potentialdepolarization of a membrane region by a sodium influx
  94. 94enzymesproteins that lower the energy of activation and therefore. catalyze chemical reaction. Enzymes regulate the rate of most metabolic pathways
  95. 95epimysiumouter layer of connective tissue surrounding muscle
  96. 96epinephrinehormone synthesized by the adrenal medulla
  97. 97EPOCan acronym for 'excess post exercise oxygen consumption'
  98. 98EPSP excitatory post-synaptic potentiala graded depolarization of a post-synaptic membrane by a neurotransmitter
  99. 99ergometerinstrument for measuring work
  100. 100ergometrymeasurement of work output
  101. 101erythrocythemiaincrease in the number of erythrocytes in the blood
  102. 102erythropoietinhormone that stimulates red blood cell production
  103. 103estrogensfemale sex hormones, including estradiol and estrone. produced primarily in the ovary and also produced in the adrenal cortex
  104. 104exergonic reactionschemical reactions that release energy
  105. 105extensorsmuscles that extend a limb
  106. 106FAD flavin adenine dinucleotideserves as an electron carrier in bioenergetics
  107. 107fast twitch fibersone of several types of muscle fibers found in skeletal muscle. low oxidative capacity but high glycolytic capacity
  108. 108female athlete triadsyndrome in which amenorrhea, eating disorders, and bone mineral loss are collectively present
  109. 109follicle stimulating hormone FSHhormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the development of an ovarian follicle in the female and the production of sperm in the male
  110. 110FFAtype of fat that combines with glycerol to form triglycerides
  111. 111free radicalshighly reactive molecules that contain an unpaired electron in their outer orbital
  112. 112glucagonhormone produced by the adrenal cortex that influences carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
  113. 113glucocorticoidany one of a group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that influxes carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
  114. 114gluconeogensissynthesis of glucose from amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and other short carbon-chain molecules
  115. 115glucosesimple sugar that is transported via the blood and metabolized by tissue
  116. 116glycogenglucose polymer synthesized in cells as a means of storing carbohydrate
  117. 117glycogenolysisbreakdown of glycogen into glucose
  118. 118glycolysismetabolic pathway int he cytoplasm of the cell that results in the degradation of glucose into pyruvate or lactate
  119. 119GTO'stension receptor located in series with skeletal muscle
  120. 120growth hormonehormone synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of the skeleton and soft tissues during the growing years
  121. 121HDL cholesterolcholesterol that is transported in the blood via high-density proteins
  122. 122hemoglobina heme-containing protein in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen to tissues. weak buffer within red blood cells
  123. 123high density lipoproteins HDLproteins used to transport cholesterol in blood
  124. 124homeostasismaintenance of a constant internal environment
  125. 125hormonechemical substance that is synthesized and released by an endocrine gland and transported to a target organ via blood
  126. 126hydrogen iona free hydrogen ion in solution that results in a decrease in pH of the solution
  127. 127hyperoxiaoxygen concentration in an inspired gas that exceeds 21%
  128. 128hyperlasiaincrease in the number of cells in a tissue
  129. 129hypertrophyincrease in cell size
  130. 130hypothalamic somatostatinhypothalamic hormone that inhibit growth hormone secretion
  131. 131hypothalamusbrain structure that ingrates many physiological functions to maintain homeostasis; site of secretion of hormones released by the posterior pituitary; also releases hormones that control anterior pituitary secretions
  132. 132hypoxiarelative lack of oxygen
  133. 133indirect calorimetryestimation of heat or energy production on the basis of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and nitrogen excretion
  134. 134inorganicrelating to substances that do not contain carbon
  135. 135inorganic phosphate (Pi)stimulator of cellular metabolism; split off, along with ADP, from ATP when energy is released; used with ADP to form ATP int he electron transport chain
  136. 136insulinhormone released from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to elevated blood glucose and amino acid concentrations
  137. 137insulin like growing factorsgroups of growth stimulating peptides released from the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone
  138. 138intercalated discsportion of cardiac muscle cell where one cell connects to the next
  139. 139intermediate fibersmuscle fiber type that generates high force at a moderately fast speed of contraction, but has a relatively large number of mitochondria
  140. 140IPSP inhibitory post-synaptic potentialmoves the post-synaptic membrane farther from threshold
  141. 141isocitrate dehydrogenaserate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle that is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by ADP and Pi
  142. 142isokineticaction in which the rate of movement is constantly maintained through a specific range of motion even though maximal force is exerted
  143. 143isometricaction in which the muscle develops tension, but does not shorten
  144. 144isotoniccontraction in which a muscle shortens against a constant load or tension, resulting in movement
  145. 145ketosisacidosis of the blood caused by the production of ketone bodies when fatty acid mobilization is increased
  146. 146kilocaloriemeasure of energy expenditure equal to the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius
  147. 147kinesthesiaperception of movement obtained from information about the position and rate of movement of the joints
  148. 148Krebs cyclemetabolic pathway in the mitochondria in which energy is transferred from carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids to NAD for subsequent production of ATP in the electron transport chain
  149. 149lactate3-carbon molecule that is a potential end-product of glucose metabolism
  150. 150lactate thresholdpoint during a graded exercise test when the blood lactate concentration increases abruptly
  151. 151LDL cholesterolform of low-density lipoprotein responsible for the transport of plasma cholesterol
  152. 152lipaseenzyme responsible for the breakdown of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol
  153. 153lipolysisbreakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue to free fatty acids and glycerol for subsequent transport to tissues for metabolism
  154. 154lipoproteinprotein involved int he transport of cholesterol and triglycerides int he plasma
  155. 155low density lipoproteinsform of lipoprotein that transports a majority of the plasma cholesterol
  156. 156luteinizing hormonessurge of LH stimulates ovulation in middle of menstrual cycle
  157. 157macrophagesphagocytes that engulf and kill invading bacteria
  158. 158mast cellsconnective tissue cell that releases histamine and other chemicals in response to certain stimuli
  159. 159maximal oxygen uptakegreatest rate of oxygen uptake by the body measured during severe dynamic exercise
  160. 160metabolismtotal of all cellular reactions that occur n cells and includes chemical pathways that result in the synthesis of molecules as well as the breakdown of molecules
  161. 161mitochondrionsubcellular organelle responsible for the production of ATP with oxygen
  162. 162mixed venous bloodmixture of venous blood from both the upper and lower extremities, complete mixing occurs int eh right ventricle
  163. 163motor cortexportion of the cerebral cortex containing large motor neurons whose axons descend to lower brain centers and spinal cord
  164. 164motor neuronsomatic neuron that innervates skeletal muscle fibers
  165. 165motor unitmotor neuron and all the muscle fibers innervated by that single motor neuron
  166. 166muscle spindlemuscle stretch receptor oriented parallel to skeletal muscle fibers
  167. 167myocardiumcardiac muscles
  168. 168myofibrilsportion of the muscle containing the thick and thin contractile filaments; series of sarcomeres where the repeating pattern of the contractile proteins gives the stated appearance
  169. 169myoglobinprotein in muscle that can bind oxygen and release it at low PO2 values; aids in diffusion of oxygen from capillary to mitochondria
  170. 170myosincontractile protein in the thick filament of the myofibril that contains the cross-bridge that can bind actin and split ATP to cause tension development
  171. 171NADcoenzyme that transfers hydrogen and the energy associated with those hydrogens; in the Krebs cycle, NAD transfers energy from substrates to the electron transport chain
  172. 172neuromuscular junctionsynapse between axon terminal of a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle's plasma membrane
  173. 173neuronnerve cell; composed of a cell body with dendrites and axons
  174. 174neutrophilsshort-lived leukocytes that participate in phagocytosis of bacteria
  175. 175norepinephrinehormone and neurotransmitter; released from postganglionic nerve endings and the adrenal medulla
  176. 176organicdescribes substances that contain carbon
  177. 177overtrainingaccumulation of training stress that impairs an athlete's ability to perform training sessions and results in long term decrements of performance
  178. 178oxidative phosphorylationmitochondrial process in which inorganic phosphate is couple dot ADP as energy is transferred along the electron transport chain in which oxygen is the final electron acceptor
  179. 179oxygen debtelevated post exercise oxygen consumption related to replacement of cresting phosphate, lactate resynthesis to glucose, and elevated body temperature, catecholamines, heart rate, breathing
  180. 180oxygen deficitrefers to the lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
  181. 181oxyhemoglobinhemoglobin combined with oxygen
  182. 182pancreasgland containing both exocrine and endocrine portions, exocrine secretions include enzymes and bicarbonate to digest food in the small intestine, endocrine secretions include insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
  183. 183parasympathetic nervous systemportion of the autonomic nervous system that primarily releases acetylcholine from its postganglionic nerve endings
  184. 184partial pressurefractional part of the barometric pressure due to the presence of a single gas
  185. 185perimysiumconnective tissue surrounding fascicles of skeletal muscle fiber
  186. 186PNSportion of the nervous system located outside the spinal cord and brain
  187. 187pHmeasure of the acidity of a solution
  188. 188phagocytescells that eat foreign agents
  189. 189phosphocreatinecompound found in skeletal muscle and used to resynthesize ATP from ADP
  190. 190phosphofructokinaserate limiting enzyme in glycolysis that is responsive to ADP, Pi and ATP levels in the cytoplasm of the cell
  191. 191physical activitycharacterizes all types of human movement
  192. 192physical fitnessbroad term describing healthful levels of cardiovascular function, strength, and flexibility
  193. 193pituitary glandgland at the base of the hypothalamus of the brain having an anterior portion that produces and secretes numerous hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and a posterior portion that secretes hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus
  194. 194posterior hypothalamusarea of the brain responsible for regulation of the body's response to a decrease in temperature
  195. 195posterior pituitary glandportion of pituitary gland secreting oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone that are produced in the hypothalamus
  196. 196powerrate of work
  197. 197progressive resistance exercisetraining program in which the muscles must work against a gradually increasing resistance, an implementation of the overload principle
  198. 198prolactinhormone secreted form the anterior pituitary that increases milk production from the breast
  199. 199proprioceptorsreceptors that provide information about the position and movement of the body
  200. 200pulmonary circuitportion of the cardiovascular system involved in the circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium
  201. 201pulmonary respirationterm that refers to ventilation of the lung
  202. 202receptorspecialized portion of an afferent neuron that is sensitive to a form of energy in the environment
  203. 203reciprocal inhibitionwhen extensor muscles are contracted there is a reflex inhibition of the motor neurons to the flexor muscles
  204. 204relative O2oxygen uptake expressed per unit body weight
  205. 205reninenzyme secreted by special cells in the kidney that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
  206. 206residual volumevolume of air in the lungs following a maximal expiration
  207. 207respirationexternal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the environment, internal respiration decries the use of oxygen by the cell
  208. 208respiratory compesationbuffering of excess H in the blood by plasma bicarbonate and the associated elevation in ventilation to exhale the resulting CO2
  209. 209Respiratory exchange ratiothe ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption indicative of substrate utilization during steady state exercise in which a value of 1.0 represents 100% carbohydrate metabolism and .7 represents 100% fat metabolism
  210. 210resting membrane potentialvoltage difference measured across a membrane that is related to the concentration of ions on each side of the membrane and the permeability of the membrane to those ions
  211. 211resting metabolic ratemetabolic rate measured in the supine position following a period of fasting and resting
  212. 212rest intervaltime period between counts in an interval training program
  213. 213reversibilityprinciple of training that decries the temporary nature of a training effect, adaptations to training are lost when the training stops
  214. 214sarcolemmacell membrane surrounding muscle fiber
  215. 215sarcomeresrepeating contractile unit in a myofibril bounded by z-lines
  216. 216sarcopenialoss of muscle mass associated with aging
  217. 217sarcoplasmic reticulummembranous structure that surrounds the myofibrils of muscle cells location of the terminal cisternae or lateral sacs that store the Ca needed for muscle contraction
  218. 218satellite cellsundifferentiated cells found adjacent to skeletal muscle fibers. these cells can fuse with existing muscle fibers and contribute to hypertrophy
  219. 219Schwann cellscell that surrounds peripheral nerve fibers forming myelin sheath
  220. 220setbasic unit of a workout containing the number of times a specific exercise is done
  221. 221SA nodespecialized tissue located int he right atrium of the heart that generates electrical implies to initiate the heartbeat
  222. 222size principleprogressive recruitment of motor units beginning with the smallest motor neurons and progressing to larger and larger moron neurons
  223. 223sliding filament modeltheory of muscle contraction describing the sliding of actin over myosin
  224. 224slow twitch fibersmuscle fiber type that contracts slowly and develops relatively low tension but displays great endurance to repeated stimulation
  225. 225somatostatinhormone produced in the hypothalamus that inhibit growth hormone release form the anterior pituitary gland
  226. 226spatial summationadditive effect of numerous simultaneous inputs to different sites on a neuron to produce a change int he membrane potential
  227. 227specificityprinciple of training indicating that the adaptation of a tissue is dependent on the type of training undertaken
  228. 228spirometrymeasurement of various lung volumes
  229. 229static stretchingstretching procedure in which a muscle is stretched and held in the stretched position for 10-30 seconds
  230. 230steady statedescribes the tendency of a control system to achieve a balance between an environmental demand and the response of a physiological system to meet that demand to allow the tissue to function over a period of time
  231. 231steriodsclass of lipids derived form cholesterol that includes the hormones testosterone estrogen cortisol and aldosterone
  232. 232stroke volumeamount of blood pumped by the ventricles in a single beat
  233. 233strong acidsacid that completely ionizes when dissolved in water to generate J and its anion
  234. 234strong basesbase that completely ionizes when dissolved in water to generate OH and its cation
  235. 235summationrepeated stimulation of a muscle that leads to an increase in tension compared to a single twitch
  236. 236sympathetic nervous systemportion of the autonomic nervous system that releases norepinephrine from its postganglionic nerve endings
  237. 237synapsesjunctions between nerve cells where the electrical activity of one neuron influences the electrical activity of the other neuron
  238. 238systoleportion of the cardiac cycle in which the canticles are contracting
  239. 239systolic blood pressurehighest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle
  240. 240taperingprocess athletes use to reduce their training load for several days prior to competition
  241. 241target heart rate rangethe range of heart rates describing the optimum intensity of exercise consistent with making gains in maximal aerobic power
  242. 242temporal summationchange in the membrane potential produced by the addiction of two or more inputs occurring at different times
  243. 243terminal cisternaeportion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum near the transverse tubule containing the Ca that is released upon depolarization of the muscle
  244. 244testosteronesteroid hormone produced in the testes, involved in growth and development of reproductive tissues, sperm, and secondary sex characteristics
  245. 245tetanushighest tension developed by a muscle in response to a high frequency of stimulation
  246. 246thermogenesisgeneration of heat as a result of metabolic reactions
  247. 247thyroid glandendocrine gland located int he neck that secretes T3 and T4 which increases the metabolic rate
  248. 248Thyroid stimulating hormonehormone released from the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the thyroid gland to increase its secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
  249. 249thyroxinehormone secreted from the thyroid gland containing four iodine atoms stimulates the metabolic rate and facilitates the actions of other hormones
  250. 250tidal volumevolume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
  251. 251total lung capacitytotal volume of air the lung can contain
  252. 252toxicitycondition resulting from a chronic ingestion of vitamins, especially fat-soluble vitamins in quantities well above that needed for health
  253. 253trace elementsdietary minerals including iron, zinc, copper, iodine, manganese…
  254. 254transverse tubulean extension, invagination, of the muscle membrane that conducts the action potential into the muscle to depolarize the terminal cistern which contain the Ca needed for muscle contraction
  255. 255triodothyroninehormone secreted from the thyroid gland containing three iodine atoms stimulates the metabolic rate and facilities the actions of other hormones
  256. 256tropomyosinprotein covering the actin binding sites that prevents the myosin cross bridge from touching actin
  257. 257troponinprotein, associated with actin and tropomyosin, that binds Ca and initiates the movement of tropomyosin on actin to allow the myosin cross bridge to touch actin and initiate contraction
  258. 258twitchtension generating response following the application of a single stimulus to muscle
  259. 259type I fibersfibers that contain large numbers of oxidative enzymes and are highly fatigue resistant
  260. 260type IIa fibersfibers that contain biochemical and fatigue characteristics that are between type IIx and IIa
  261. 261type IIx fibersfibers that have a relatively small number of mitochondria, limited capacity fro aerobic metabolism, and are less resistant to fatigue than slow fibers
  262. 262vagus nervemajor parasympathetic nerve
  263. 263variable resistance exercisestrength training in which the resistance caries throughout the range of motion
  264. 264veinsblood vessels that accept blood from the venues and bring it back to the heart
  265. 265ventilationmovement of air into or out of the lungs
  266. 266ventilatory thresholdthe breakpoint at which luminary ventilation and carbon dioxide output begin to increase exponentially during an incremental exercise test
  267. 267venulessmall blood vessels carrying capillary blood to veins
  268. 268vestibular apparatussensory organ consisting of three semicircular canals, that provides needed information about the body position to maintain balance
  269. 269vital capacityvolume of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs in one breath
  270. 270workproduct of a force and the distance through which that force moves
  271. 271work intervalin interval training the duration of the work phase of each work-to-rest interval

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Karteikarten am ExPhys notecards , erstellt von Hannah Afman am 28/11/2014.
Erstellt von
Hannah Afman · Nov 2014
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19 Feb 2016
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