Karteikarten
corrections
Karten in diesem Stapel (21)
- 1brief history of punishmenta. various forms of early punishment
b. early prison systems
- the earliest system of incarceration was the dungeon … used by Kings and nobility to house those who had either offended them or who were perceived to be a threat to their power. Other royal facilities included such places as the Tower of London where Kings and Queens of England held their enemies
- in France, nobles and landed gentry used lettres de cachet to imprison people in dungeons. - 2brief history of punishment part 2- Bridewell – Formerly a Norman palace, Bridewell was gifted to the City by Edward VI in 1553; it was to serve as a workhouse for the poor, and as a prison for vagabonds, prostitutes, disobedient apprentices, and the generally indigent. Prisoners were employed picking oakum and beating hemp.
- Newgate Gaol - was originally housed in the gatehouse on the London wall that went by that name, a function it had fulfilled since at least the twelfth century; Newgate functioned as the City's primary prison, and the original gatehouse seems to have been sufficiently large for this purpose until the reign of Charles II; by the eighteenth-century, however, the prison was terribly overcrowded and it was rebuilt in the late 1700s. Conditions within this prison were, by all accounts, terrible.
- During this time there were, however, few public gaols; more common punishments included fines (for lesser offences), corporal punishment (whippings, floggings, beatings), transportation and capital punishment (for any felony offence). - 3brief history of punishment 3)c) early reform efforts and the birth of the prison system
- the penitentiary - was a product of the eighteenth century trend of political and social thought commonly referred to today as the Age of Enlightenment. The penitentiary, was viewed as a humane, reformative alternative to other options in use at the time--capital punishment, corporal punishments, and local jails.
- the term penitentiary referred to a regimen of isolation, reflection, separation of inmates, and sanitary living conditions.
- the penitentiary system became very popular in the U.S. following the War of 1812, and then later in Canada. In the U.S. two models developed: the Pennsylvania or Separate system and the Auburn system. - 4brief history of punishment part 4 c)- the Pennsylvania system was constituted of single-person cell blocks laid out in blocks like spoke around a hub (Panopticon) … with the inmates kept in solitary confinement under a strict rule of silence. It was called the "separate system" because inmates were kept totally isolated from each other to avoid contamination, both physical and spiritual. The penitential mood was also supposed to be enhanced by the time alone.
- the Auburn system was developed in New York about the same time (1819). The Auburn system housed convicts in smaller, stacked in tiers, and without exercise yards. Inmates worked together in shops during the day and were isolated in their individual cells at night. Discipline was very strict--silence at all times, the lockstep formation to move around, eating facing another man’s back, and quick physical punishment of rule violators. Auburn was called the "congregate system," because its offenders worked and ate together, and the "silent system," for the rule of silence that prevailed at all times. - 5brief history of punishment part 5 of part dd. Canadian penitentiaries
- in Canada, prior to 1835, incarceration was not used as a punishment. Upper and Lower Canada used a mixture of transportation to other countries, banishment, fines, corporal punishment, mutilation and death to deal with crimes against society. In the 1700´s the first workhouses were built to house some criminals, but mostly vagrants, beggars, prostitutes, disobedient children and servants, the sickly, the aged, people with mental heath issues and the poor.
- the first federal penitentiary in Canada was the Kingston Penitentiary built in 1835. Corruption and abuse at Kingston Pen was so rampant, that the first call to abolish the prison system in Canada came in 1848. - 62. Structure of the Canadian prison systema. Provincial system (for offences where the sentence is up to 2 years).
- estimated that, on average, there is about 19,000 offenders in provincial jails.
b. Federal system (CSC for offences sentenced to 2 years plus one day) -
- 53 federal institutions: 8 max security; 20 med; 17 min; 7 multi-level (including 4 women’s prisons; and one Aboriginal healing lodge)
- CSC also operates 17 Community Correctional Centres, 71 parole offices and 19 district offices.
- On any given day there are about 13,000 offenders in federal penitentiaries.
- The average cost for keeping an offender in federal prison is $66,381 for men
and $110,473 for women.
- The average annual cost per inmate is $98,904 for max; $63,931 for min;
$57,912 for min - 7structure of the canadian prison system part2CSC system breaks down into 5 regions: Atlantic, Pacific, Prairies, Ontario and Quebec. Each region contains a mix of min to max facilities.
- the various security levels correspond to both the ability of offenders have physical freedom and other ‘privileges’, as well as to their ability to access programs/treatment options – i.e. minimum security facilities provide greater ease of movement for offenders than medium or maximum. - 8minimunEg. Ferndale is a minimum-security facility, Ferndale concentrates on pre-release preparation of inmates. Programs are aimed at relapse prevention and marketable skill attainment for gradual reintegration to the community. There is a significant amount of contact with the community through a wide variety of activities including the work release provisions and community-volunteer work projects contained in the CCRA. Offenders reside in residential-style housing units. One of the units is equipped with three handicapped rooms to accommodate any handicapped inmates. Offenders are responsible for their own meal preparation as well as the care and maintenance of their housing units.
- 9mediumEg. Matsqui (Abbotsford) is a medium-security facility in the Pacific Region. Accommodations for the main population are provided in a three-story living unit with a central core of security control posts, surrounded by common washrooms and offices. Each floor functions as one of three living units, with dedicated correctional officers, correctional supervisors, parole officers, clerical support and unit managers.
- 10maximumKent Institution (Aggasiz) is the maximum- security facility for the Pacific Region, designed to hold high/risk, high/need offenders. Kent was opened in 1979 to replace the British Columbia Penitentiary and remains the only maximum-security facility in the Pacific Region.
- 11multi levelThese are ‘specialized’ facilities that contain mixed prison populations. Women’s facilities are multi-level, as are psychiatric facilities operated under CSC.
- 12super maxSupermax
In Canada, the highest level of facility is Maximum Security. In the U.S. federal prison system, there are also prisons known as ‘supermax’. These are intended as facilities for prisoners that have committed offenses in maximum security prisons. Prisoners in Supermax are in ‘seg’ (segregation/isolation) for 23/7. - 13special handling unitHowever, we do have something called a ‘special handling unit’. It is part of the maximum security complex at Sainte Anne des Plaines, Que. This is reserved for terrorists, mobsters, serial killers.
- 14assering inmate needs/ risk ( classification of case management- in order to determine what level of facility that an offender is sent to and/or what type of treatment and/or programming they will receive in prison, individuals are sent to a regional assessment centre for evaluation (RRAC) . The purpose of the RRAC is "to conduct a one-time, comprehensive, standardized assessment of offender risk and needs to provide a solid foundation for future correctional planning and intervention." This involves:
• Health, Mental Health, Security and Suicide Screening
• Multi-disciplinary Assessment of Risk and Need
• Induction and Orientation of new offenders
• Information Collection
• Security Classification and Institutional Placement
• Research and Management Information - 15ssering inmate needs/ risk ( classification of case management part 2During this time, inmates are subject to testing and interviews in order to determine both their security classification and their programming/mental health needs
- risk assessments are essentially predictions of future behaviour and are based on risk/needs assessment tools (actuarial and/or clinical). - 16actuarial ( stasticical)When an offender is assessed using an actuarial tool, his/her particular characteristics are inventoried and his/her risk is determined by the extent to which s/he possesses various risk factors associated with recidivism. The information considered in the assessment process, drawn from an institutional intake report and case files, typically includes the offender's education level, employment status, known or suspected mental disabilities, in addition to the individual's criminal history. This information will later aid in assessing the risk posed by offenders being considered for release.
For example, if a certain characteristic common to those who recidivate is found in a potential parolee, that person's risk is judged greater than one who does not display the trait. - 17clinical ( observational/clinical assesmentInvolves a judgment by a mental health professional concerning the risk a specific individual poses. The clinician, usually a forensic psychologist or psychiatrist, interviews and/or observes the individual. The clinician may use rating schemes or checklists developed by other professionals. Any available information about the offender's personality and behaviour and the details of the crime itself are considered. The risk factors used in a clinical assessment are different for each person assessed and can change over time. They include mental disabilities, attitudes, behaviour, personal history and social skills. These individual characteristics, taken as a whole, give clinicians a picture of the person in question, and a decision about the potential harm he or she may pose is then made.
- 18rehabliltation - to nothing works - to new models- a central concern of CSC is managing risk - both in the penitentiary system and outside. Risk is identified as recidivism – that is, re-offending, which is often measured as re-arrest for an indictable offence during a post-release follow-up period of three years.
With respect to addressing offender recidivism, various models and themes have run through corrections over the years. First there was the rehabilitation model: - 19rehabliltationFollowing the mid-1940s, rehabilitation became a central theme of imprisonment and treatment was embraced by prison officials. Use of psychiatric treatment and programs to address offender ‘deviance.’
- 20nothing worksIn 1974 Sociologist Robert Martinson published his well-known article "What Works?" based on a survey of 231 studies on offender rehabilitation. Although many positive findings were made, the negative aspects were emphasized and when the debate spread, "what works" soon changed to the dictum "nothing works".
- 21programmingProgramming
Although the ‘nothing works’ model had some influence in Canada in the 1970s and 1980s, since then the emphasis has largely been on offender treatment programs that deal with core issues related to an inmate’s offending.
- examples of CSC programs:
Cognitive Skills (which gets offenders to examine and address/arrest negative thought patterns and or coping mechanisms through learning other methods).
Anger Management
Living without Violence
Substance Abuse programs.
Violent Offender Programming is also offered.
Vocational training and educational programs are available.
Pet therapy.
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- Karteikarten am corrections, erstellt von MelissaCastillo0646 am 12/12/2014.
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