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- 1The Endocrine System- The endocrine system is responsible for manufacturing hormones and secreting them into the body.
- Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood stream.
- It is a slow system. - 2Endocrine glands and the hormones they produceHypothalamus:
- Receives signals from the NS and funnels those signals into the pituitary gland.
- is known as the control centre of the endocrine system.
- The Hypothalamus creates:
ADH - which is a regulator of fluid volume in your body.
Oxytocin - which stimulates the uterus to contract during pregnancy. - 3The Pituitary gland: - Known as the master gland. - There are 2 parts to this gland (anterior and posterior). - Anterior - produces the growth hormone. - Posterior - takes the stimulation from the hypothalamus and directs it to all of the other endocrine glands.The Thyroid gland:
- Regulates the body's metabolism.
- It produces the hormones T3 and T4.
- It uses these hormones to stimulate the body's metabolism which is how are body gets energy. - 4The Parathyroid gland: - Regulates the body's blood calcium levels. - It does this through the hormone PTH.The Adrenal glands:
- This gland can be split into 2 parts:
- Cortex - this is where the steroids are made
(cortisol - stress hormone so it functions to increase out blood sugar when we are stressed so we have energy).
(Aldosterone - blood volume).
- The medulla which produces (Adrenaline and Noradrenaline) which is responsible for out fight or flight response. - 5The Gonads: - Ovaries - (produce oestrogen and progesterone). - Testes - (produce testosterone). - The gonads are responsible for our secondary sex characteristics such as pubic hair and breasts in women).The Pancreas:
- Controls blood sugar and does this by producing insulin and glucagon. - 6Patterns of secretion: - Circadian (these rhythms have a period or more than 24 hours such as the menstrual cycle in women). - Pulsatile (when chemical products are secreted in a regular pattern E.g. insulin). - Stress response.3 Different Chemical groups:
- Steroids (The gonads and the cortex adrenal).
- Amines (The thyroid).
- Peptides or proteins (Oxytocin, ADH, growth hormone). - hypothalamus and pituitary. - 7Hormone Action: There are 3 types of hormone action: - Endocrine (the hormone is distributed in the blood and acts on distant target cells from the secreting cell). - Paracrine (the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source acting on near by cells). - Autocrine (the hormone acts only on the cell which produced it).Feedback loops and Regulation of hormone secretion:
- Information about the hormone level or effect is signalled back the gland this is known as a homeostatic response.
- Negative feedback usually involves the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
negative feedback is opposite to the stimulus so either increase or decrease depending on their levels.
and this returns it to a homeostatic response. - 8Disorders of the Endocrine systemHyperthyroidism:
- Also known as Graves disease.
- Type of autoimmune problem that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone.
- Your immune system then creates anti bodies that cause the thyroid to grow and make more hormones than your body needs. - 9Hypothyroidism: - Also called under active or low thyroid. - Doesn't produce enough hormone. - causes a number symptoms such as poor ability to tolerate cold, a feeling of tiredness, constipation, depression and weight gain.Cretinism:
- A congenital hypothyroidism.
- It is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone. - 10Myoxodema: - A severe form of hypothyroidism that occurs when the condition is left untreated or is not treated sufficiently.Goiter:
- An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.
- Although goiter's are usually painless, a large goiter can cause a cough and make it difficult to swallow or breathe. - 11Islets of the pancreas: - The islet cells produce insulin and glucagon which regulate blood sugar levels. - Diabetics have problems with insulin production or receptors. - Type 1 = is caused by a lack of insulin. - Type 2 = is caused by changes in the receptors.Bound and Free hormones:
- A free hormone (can flow through the blood plasma and get to its transport cell).
- A bound hormone (needs to attach to a transport protein in order to travel through the blood plasma, transport proteins are made by the liver).
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von chloe powell am 22/01/2020.
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