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Epistemology: Rationalism and Empirism Key Terms
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- 1What is does the term A priori mean?what it means is it doesn't depend on
experience , it is discoverable merely by operation of thinking
something you can know prior to the the experience - 2what is a posteriori ?It means we knowable through observation, depends on external world
- 3Who says we would get father assuming objects must conform to our cognition? and what is it called?Kants "copernican Revolution"
- 4What is Knowledge?Justified, true, belief
must be justified, true and must believe it to be knowledge
2 sources of knowledge, Indirect and Direct: Indirect is through books, people and Direct sources is through our senses and through reason. - 5What is "Tabula Rasa" ?Tabula Rasa means you were born with a blank slate and your mind is furnished with sensory data from the external world
This is a Empiricist view "tabula Rasa" . - 6Who is Russel?Russel is the founder of analytic philosophy
Appearance: how things seem to be and Reality: how things are
Russel Terminology: Sense data,sensation and physical object - 7What is Russels Terminology?Russell's terminology is: sense data, sensation and physical object: Sense data is characteristics like color or sound that we are aware of immediately in the perception of the world
Sensation: its the experience of the sense data
Physical Object: something outside of me, outside of my conscious - 8Inductive Argument is what?An inductive argument is an argument whose conclusion is probable, not certain, not for sure.
- 9Deductive argument is what?A deductive argument is when an arguments conclusion is certain, its true.
- 10What is Empiricism and who are some philosophers who take this view?Empiricism says that our knowledge depends more on the senses rather than on reason.
Hume is an Empiricist. - 11External World is what?An external world is a world outside of our senses, outside of me, outside of my internal world which would be my feelings or thoughts.
- 12what is Solipsism?Solipsism is a view of saying there is nothing outside of me, only my consciousnesses exist, I am the only thing that exist
- 13what is Skepticism?skepticism says knowledge is impossible
says there is No knowledge of the external world at all - 14What is epistemology?Epistemology is the study of knowledge
2 direct sources of knowledge: indirect and direct sources - 15Who says talks about the "Copy Principle"? and what is it?Found in OUR MINDS!
The copy principal says that all ideas are derived from or copied from our impressions - 16Who is Hume?He was an empiricist
born "tabula rasa"
"Problem of induction"
"Impressions and ideas concept"
"Copy Principle" - 17What is Synthetic A priori?Knowledge that tells us something informative of the world but isnt observed by our experience Example : space, time and causation
- 18Who came up with the statements Analytic and synthetic and what do those terms mean?Analytic statement means that the truth can be known just by knowing that words of that statement.
Synthetic statements is the truth cant be know by simply knowing the meaning of the words. - 19What is a synthetic statement?synthetic statements are statements that the truth simply cant be known just by the meaning of the words.
- 20what is an analytic statement?an analytic statement is a statement in which its truth can be known by the meaning of the words in that statement.
- 21Who is Kant?Kant is a rationalist philosopher. He came up with 2 statements analytic and synthetic statements.
Kant is a fan of Humes work
Kant rejects humes fork by introducing "synthetic a priori - 22What does a rationalist mean?rationalist believe that knowledge is obtained more through reason than on the senses.
Decarte and Kant are rationalist
Rationalist believe that we were born with innate ideas which means they believe we were born with ideas hidden in the memory. - 23What was the goal of Descartes Meditations and what was the method that he used?The goal of Descartes meditations was to build a firm foundation for knowledge.
The method used was called systematic doubt which means he will doubt everything that can be doubted - 24Who is Descartes?Descartes is a rationalist
" i think therefore i am" the cogito
Modern philosophy
Descartes wax argument
Descartes who am I? argument
Malicious demon. - 25The wax argument was whose argument? And what was it about?Descartes argument
says the sensible properties of the wax changes (res extensa) therefore we use reason to know that that piece of wax is the same wax before it was melted, before its properties changed.
Reason for the argument is to prove that the senses drawl from reason - 26What is the "Cogito"?I think therefore i am, famous saying from Descartes
refers to the who am I argument
This is how he defeats skepticism - 27What is Res cogitans"?This means " a thinking thing"
Refers to Descartes who am I argument
This is how he defeats skepticism, he proves he is a thinking thing. - 28What was the 1st meditations arguments for skepticism?1. Senses- we cant rely on the senses, the sense can deceive me
2.Dreaming- am i dreaming?
3. Malicious demon- a malicious demon is planting illusions in my mind. - 29essential and accidental properties, what are they?essential properties are property's an object has to have in order to be that object
accidental properties are property's an object has, and other objects could share that same property, that doesn't mean everything is that main object - 30What is extension? what does it refer to in the text?Extension is an object that occupies space, this applys to Descartes what am i argument, he says the body is an extension.
- 31What is res extensa?res extensa means an extended thing that undergoes change.
- 32What is Humes fork?Humes fork is two main concepts or views. 1.relation to ideas and 2. Matters of fact?
Relation to ideas is a priori, it implies a contradiction, it doesn't depend of the external world. just think of something and it is certain, its true
Matters of fact is a posteriori, it doesn't imply a contradiction, and it depends on observation through experience - 33what are impressions and ideas?Impressions is sensation and feelings of seeing something first hand.
Ideas- are concepts, memory and imagining
Found in the ind - 34what is the problem of induction?It states that we have no basis in saying that conclusions of an inductive argument are probable.
The problem of induction is in order to make a prediction about the future on the basis of past experience we must assume the future will resemble the past - 35What is PUN (The principle of uniformity of nature?says that nature will always behave in ways that follow a constant and consistent patterns
The future will resemble the past
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