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Karteikarten

Biomech Midterm

alex.ostapchuk Biomechanics Englisch 50 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (50)

  1. 1What is statics?The study of systems in constant motion (velocity), including systems at rest.
  2. 2What is the study of dymamics?study of systems in acceleration
  3. 3What's the difference between kinetics and kinematics? Give examples of each.Kinetics- the causation of motion based on push/pull forces.
    Kinematics- the description of motion without causation. (speed, direction, form, technique)
  4. 4What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis? Who would use eachn?Qualitative- without numbers. Coaches, teachers, clinicians.
    Quantiative- including numbers. Biophysical research, ergonomics.
  5. 5What is a system?Structure/organization of structures that you are analyzing.
  6. 6Why do we use kinematics?Provides standards for performance evaluation and coaching
  7. 7What is linear motion? Is this kinematic or kinetic? Give e.g.KINEMATIC: description
    a.k.a. translation- motion of all body parts along a straight (rectilinear) or curved line (curvilinear), moving at the same direction, at the same speed.
    e.g. jump up to a high bar in gymnastics
  8. 8Angular Motion - kinematic or kinetic? Give e.g.KINEMATIC: description
    rotation around a fixed axis
    e.g. body segments around joints, person skiing over a hill
  9. 9What's the difference between a local and global reference frame?Local: frame moves with body segments (relative)
    Global: inertial frame doesn't move in terms of gravity (inertial)
  10. 10What is general motion?Linear and angular motion combined (most movements)
  11. 11What axis goes with the sagittal plane?Mediolateral axis
  12. 12Which axis goes with the coronal plane?Anteroposterior axis
  13. 13What axis goes with the transverse plane?Longitudinal axis
  14. 14What plane/axis do flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion occur in?Sagittal/mediolateral
  15. 15In which plane/axis does ulnar/radial deviation occur?Coronal/anteromedial
  16. 16What plane/axis does inversion and eversion occur in?coronal/anteroposterior
  17. 17What plane/axis does pronation/supination occur?Transverse/longitudinal
  18. 18How are cartesian reference frames organized?P (Px, Py)
  19. 19How are polar reference frames organized?P (r, theta)
  20. 20How do you convert polar coordinates into cartesian?Take the two given sides and find the hypoteneus using Pythagorean Theorem
    Solve for the angle by taking tan=o/a and then using the inverse of tan
  21. 21Define and state the units for INERTIATendancy for an object to resist change in motion (i.e. resist acceleration)
    Proportional to the mass.
  22. 22Define and state the units for MASSQuantity of matter composing an object
    (kg)
  23. 23Define and state the units for FORCE What are the two effects it can have on an object? What are the 3 things that it needs to be characterized?represents push/pull action of one object on another
    -> accelerates/deforms objects
    1. magnitude (how much F)
    2. Direction
    3. Point of application
    (N) = (kg)(m/s2)
  24. 24Define and state the units for CENTRE OF GRAVITYPoint at which objects mass is concentrated (body weight is equally balanced)
    * can shift up/down depending on how body shapes distributes mass.
    (i.e. bend over, CoG will lower a bit)
  25. 25Define and state the units for WEIGHTAmount of gravitational force on object
    -> point of application, magnitude, and direction must all be specified
    (N)
  26. 26Define and state the units for PRESSUREForce distributed over a given area
    (pascals = N/m2)
  27. 27Define and state the units for VOLUMESpace occupied by matter
    (cm3) lwh
  28. 28Define and state the units for DENSITYmass per unit volume
    (N/m3)
  29. 29Define and state the units for TORQUETurning effect of Force on an object at a distance from the objects CoG.
    (eccentric force causes translation and rotation) vs. central force goes through CoG
    (n-m)
  30. 30What is the moment arm?Perpendicular distance between force line of action and the axis of rotation
  31. 31Define and state the units for IMPULSEproduct of F (magnitude of applied F) and time (duration of force application)
    (e.g. small force over long duration, large force over small duration)
    (n-s)
  32. 32What are the primary minerals important for the compressive strength of a bone?calcium carbonate!
  33. 33What mineral helps bones in tensile strength?Collagen! (allows flexibility)
  34. 34What is stiffness?The ratio of stress/strain in a loaded material
  35. 35What is the difference between cortical and trabecular bone?Cortical: highly compacted with minerals, low poprsity, can undergo more STRESS (i.e. stiffer) and LESS strain. Found in shafts of long bones.
    Trabecular: high porosity, filled with marrow/fat, can undergo more STRAIN (deformation). Found in ends of bones, verterbral discs
  36. 36What does "bones are anisotrophic mean?show difference strength/stiffness in response to the applied force
  37. 37What are the biomechanical functions of bone? Other functions?body framework, protection
    attachment sites for muscles
    mineral storage (Ca, P), fatty acids
    grwoth
    blood production
    endocrine organ
  38. 38What is the difference between bone MODELING and REMODELING?modeling: formation of new bone-mostly during adolescence at epiphyseal plates
    remodeling: reabsorption of damaged/old bone ad replacement of new bone (occurs throughout lifespan)
  39. 39How does circumferential growth occur?Internal layer builds new layers, while bone is reabsorped around medullary cavity... so inside diameter is enlarged to proportion.
  40. 40What are load bearing tissues of the body?tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones, cartilage
  41. 41What is torsion?one side twists- like in a knee injury skiing
  42. 42What is "bending?torques created at both ends- creates tension along one side and compression along the other.
    Tension side will fracture first since bone is less able to withstand that force. (better at withstanding compressive forces)
  43. 43Explain, and draw, the load-deformation curve. Is this a structural or material representation of tissues?Starts going up linear (elastic region)
    then becomes non-linear (plastic region)
    structural representation!
  44. 44What is the difference between elasticity and plasticity?Elasticity- no permanent damage when F is released- returns to normal shape
    Plasticity- permanent deformation (injury)
  45. 45What is compliance? If something is very stiff, is it compliant?The opposite (inverse of stiffness).
    So if you are very stiff, you are not very compliant.
  46. 46What is mechanical stress? Which other kinetic quality is it related to?The resulting force distribution in a body from an external force.
    Tissues develop resistance to this internal loading.
    Related to PRESSURE - but pressure is measured externally of the body.
  47. 47What is mechanical strain?A measure of change in the shape of loading. Measures deformation in relative terms (%) vs. deformation which is measured in absolute terms (mm)
  48. 48What is a "normalized load"?When tissue qualities are broken into fundemental properties to compare themselves to other structures
  49. 49Explain the stress-strain curve, and draw.Linear portion at start- Young's Modulus (stiffness)
    Then non-linear - due to fluid in tissues
    *normalized version of the load-deformation curve
  50. 50What is Hooke's Law? And state formula. Give an example.Says that stress-strain are linearly related.
    stress= youngs modulus x strain
    e.g. elastic bands

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Biomechanics Karteikarten am Biomech Midterm, erstellt von alex.ostapchuk am 11/10/2013.
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alex.ostapchuk
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