Karteikarten
Language and Gender Studies
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- 1Trudgill 1974 G-dropping study.Walking or walkin'
Velar nasal -ng
In all social classes, the more careful the speech, the more likely people use -ng.
-in more likely in lower social classes.
In all classes, men use -in more than women.
When questioned, women say they use -ng more than they acually do and men say they use -in more than they actually do. - 2Lakoff 1975 Deficity theoryBasic set of assumptions of womens language.
Hedges - sort of, kind of.
Super polite forms - would you mind.
Tag questions - aren't you?
Empty adjectives - lovely, adorable.
Direct quotation.
Special lexicon - e.g. words for colours.
Speak less frequently.
Overuse qualifiers - I think that.
Apologise more - I'm sorry but.
Modal constructions - can, should, ought.
Avoid expletives.
Indirect commands - It's cold in here.
More intensifiers - so glad.
Lack a sense of humour. - 3Zimmerman and West 1975 InterruptionsWhite middle class participants under 35.
In 11 conversations between men and women, men used 46 interruptions whereas women used only 2. - 4O'Barr and Atkins 1980 Powerless vs powerful languageStudied courtroom cases looking for the 10 features that Lakoff proposed.
They found that the differences are not the result of being a women, but being powerless. - 5Beattie 1982 InterruptionsStudied 10 hours of conversation.
557 interruptions.
Men did interrupt more, but the margin was so slight that it wasn't statistically significant.
Men and women interrupt at more or less equal frequency. - 6Fishman 1983 Interactional shitworkAnalysed hours of mixed sex dyads.
Reflected a male dominated society.
Women do the coversational shitwork.
Women use questions, e.g. tag questions, to gain power in conversations. - 7Tannen 1986 Difference theorySix contrasts of male and female langauge.
Status vs support
Independence vs intimacy
Advice vs understanding
Information vs feelings
Orders vs proposals
Conflict vs compromise. - 8Butler 1990 Performing genderWhat counts as being a man or being a woman is maintained by the repeated performances of existing members of the respective gender groups.
If you don't perform your gender in the way that society seems to have agreed then there are sanctions for that. - 9Cameron 1995 Verbal hygieneGrammar and lexical choices by males and females rely on context.
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- Karteikarten am Language and Gender Studies, erstellt von ShaunaBarratt am 31/05/2015.
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