Karteikarten
BMS 110 Unit 1 Ch. 3
Karten in diesem Stapel (79)
- 1cell theory1) 1 or more cells
2) smallest unit of living things
3) all cells come from preexisting cells - 23 things in common for all cells1) plasma membrane
2) DNA
3) cytoplasm - 3prokaryotic cell & example-single-celled
-no nucleus
-no membrane-bound organelles
-have DNA (not enclosed in a nucleus)
-ex: bacteria - 4eukaryotic cell & examples-has a "true nucleus" that contains DNA
-membrane-bound organelles
-unicellular or multicellular - 5in body, what % are human or bacterial cells/10% body cells are human
90% body cells are bacterial - 6why does surface to volume ratio matter?responsible for small size of cells but maximizes interaction surfaces
-as linear dimensions (3D object) increase, volume increases faster than surface area does - 7what are not considered organelles?ribosomes & centrioles
- 8chemical reactions take place in...organelles
- 9microscopyuse of microscopes to view objects
- 10micrographphotograph of image formed by microscope
- 11compound light microscope2 or more glass lends that bend light rays to form enlarged image
-cells are often dyed
-only provides sharp images when mag is 2000x or less - 12electron micoscopeuses magnetic lends to bend beams of electrons
-reveals smaller details than light microscopes; great depth - 13receptor proteinsdocks for signaling molecules like hormones; triggers changes in cell activities
- 14recognition proteinssit on surface of cell; chemical fingerprints that identify cell as certain type
- 15transport proteinsallow specific substances to move across membrane
- 16selective permeabilityallows some substances in but not some others
-controls when & how much crossing
-small, nonpolar substances are permeable
-ions or large, polar molecules cross through transport proteins or pumps - 17lipids/proteins can have sugars attached to external surface which areglycoproteins & glycolipids
- 18key functions of the nucleus1) prevents DNA from getting tangled up with structures in cytoplasm - protects it
2) outer membranes of nucleus are boundary where movement of substances to & from cytoplasm can be controlled - 19nuclear envelope-double-membrane system
-surrounds fluid part of nucleus (nucleoplasm) & proteins embedded in layers
-threadlike proteins attach to inner surface & anchor DNA molecules to envelope & keep them organized - 20masses in nucleus are called... what do they do?nucleolus
-construction site where proteins & RNA are combined to make parts of ribosomes - 21chromatincell's DNA & all proteins associated with it
- 22chromosomesdouble-stranded DNA molecule that carries genetic information
- 23endomembrane systemsystem in cells that includes ER, golgi apparatus, & vesicles; in which new proteins are modified into final form & lipids are assembled
- 24endoplasmic reticulumflattened channel that starts at nuclear enveloped & goes through cytoplasm
-lipids assembled in smooth er
-rough er modifies new polypeptide chains
-"raw" polypeptide chains are processed into final proteins - 25ribosomeplatform for building a cell's proteins
-parts synthesized in nucleolus - 26rough er-strudded with ribosomes
-modifies new polypeptide chains - 27smooth er-no ribosomes; flat connecting pipes
-lipids are assembled - 28golgi body/apparatus-series of flattened sacs
-enzymes on sacs finish proteins/lipids, then package in vesicles for shipment to specific locations - 29vesicletiny sac that moves through the cytoplasm or takes up positions in it
- 30lysosometype of vesicle that breaks down/chemically digests substances
-can digest whole cell or just cell parts
-often fuse with other vesicles that formed at plasma membrane & contain bacteria - 31peroxisomessacs of enzymes that brask down fatty acids & amino acids
-creates hydrogen peroxide which is converted to water & oxygen - 32mitochondria-makes ATP in inner compartment
-double-membrane system
-requires oxygen
-has own DNA: mtDNA & has some ribosomes
-in outer compartment, enzymes - 33the inner membrane of mitochondria is called...cristae
- 34cytoskeletonsystem of interconnected fibers, threads, & lattices in cytosol
- 35microtubuleslargest cytoskeleton elements; spatially organize interior of cell & help move cell parts
-long tiny tubules made of tubulin protein chromosone movement during cell division tracks for organelle movement - 36microfilaments-reinforce part of cell; anchor some membrane proteins
-long filaments constructed of actin protein subunits
-responsible for cellular locomotion & muscle contraction
-establish basic shape/strength of cell - 37intermediate filaments-strong cables of protein subunits
-type depends on intermediate
-adds strength; anchors filaments of 2 proteins (actin & myosin) when they interact in muscle cells; enables muscles to contract - 38flagellatail-like motile structures in eukaryotic cells
-arise from centrioles - 39ciliashort, hair-like projections in eukaryotic cells
-arise from centrioles - 40concentration# of molecules of a substance in a certain amount of fluid
- 41gradient# of molecules in one region is not same as in another
- 42diffusionnet movement of like molecules/ions down a concentration gradient
-high to low - 43passive transportdiffusion of solute through channel/carrier protein without use of energy
- 44ventilationmovement of gases (not passive)
- 45respirationexchange of gases (passive)
- 46osmosisdiffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients
- 47water ALWAYS moves from...hypotonic to hypertonic
- 48tonicityconcentration of solutes in a solution
- 49isotonicsolute concentrations same on either side of cell membrane
-no net flow of water - 50hypotonicfewer solutes in solution, higher solute concentration inside cell; water will move into cell & will cause cell to swell & burst
AKA HEMOLYSIS - 51hypertonicmore solutes in solution, lower solute concentration inside cell; water will move out of cell & will cause cell to shrink & shrivel
AKA CRENATION - 52transporter proteins-span lipid bilayer
-help solutes cross membrane
-specific to solute
-provide a channel for ions/molecules down concentration gradients
-doesn't require ATP energy - 53active transport-requires energy
-membrane pumps = move substances against their concentration gradient
-ATP provides most energy for this type - 54endocytosis-active transport; vesicle transport
-"coming inside cell"; cell takes in substances next to its surface
-small indentation forms, balloons inward, pinches off
-phagocytosis = when it brings in organic matter "cell eating" - 55exocytosis-active transport; vesicle transport
-"moving out of cell"; vesicle moves to surface & protein-studded lipid bilayer of its membrane fuses with plasma membrane
-contents released to outside - 56chemical reactions either _____ or _____ energyrelease or require energy
- 57anabolismput together small molecules
- 58catabolismbreaks down large molecules
- 59metabolism defchemical reactions in cells
- 60where is energy store in ATP?stored energy is contained in bond between 2nd & 3rd phosphate groups
- 61ATP supply must be renewed so...phosphate/phosphate group (has already been split off) is attached to ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
- 62ATP/ADP cycle-mechanism of ATP renewal; when ATP donates a phosphate group to other molecules, reverts to ADP, & forms again by phosphorylation of ADP
- 63reactantany substance that is part of a metabolic reaction
- 64intermediatesubstance that forms between beginning & end of metabolic pathway
- 65productssubstances present at end of reaction/pathway
- 66most enzymes are proteins but ALL are...catalysts
- 67substratereactant/precursor for reaction; specific molecule(s) that an enzyme can chemically recognize, briefly bind to, & modify in specific way
- 68active sitecrevice on surface of enzyme where substrate is present & a specific reaction is catalyzed
- 69homeostasis pH range of enzymes7.35 to 7.4
- 70many coenzymes are derived from...vitamins
- 71controls can...1) boost action of enzymes
2) slow it down
3) adjust how fast new enzyme molecules are made - 72cellular respirationprocess by which cells break apart carbohydrates, lipids, proteins to form ATP
-glucose is common raw material
-mostly aerobic - 73step 1: glycolysis-process by which glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate with net yield of 2 ATP
-substrate: glucose
-intermediate: PGAL
-products: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 net ATP
-occurs in cytoplasm; ANAROBIC - 74pyruvate3 carbons
- 75phosphorylationattachment of unbound phosphate to a molecule
-adds energy to glucose to begin steps of glycolysis - 76step 2: Krebs cycle aka citric acid cycle-stage of AEROBIC respiration in which pyruvate is completely broken down to carbon dioxide & water & 2 ATP form
-substrate: 2 pyruvate
-intermediate: acetyl-CoA
-products: 2 ATP, 6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
-NADH & FADH2 are electron carriers
-occurs in mitochondria - 77step 3: electron transport chain/system-AEROBIC; occurs in mitochondria
-NADH & FADH2 carry electrons to this step
-H+ flows across membranes & flow drives ATP formation
-substrate: NADH/FADH2, oxygen
-intermediate: hydrogen concentration ish
-products: 32 ATP, H2O
-H+ concentration gradient is formed - 78total net yield of cellular respiration36 ATP
- 79lactate fermentation-process coverts pyruvate from glycolysis to lactic acid; makes ADP
-ANAROBIC; produces ATP quickly but not for long
-occurs during sudden, strenuous exercise
-excess glucose is stored as glycogen
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- Der Nutzer hat seine Fachbereichs-Information gelöscht. Karteikarten am BMS 110 Unit 1 Ch. 3, erstellt von Gelöschter Nutzer am 19/09/2021.
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- Erstellt von Makenna Ornes · 18 Sep 2021
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