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Karteikarten

The Killing Zone

Dan Anderson Englisch 53 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (53)

  1. 1US Supreme Court definition of safeIs not risk free
  2. 2What’s the one privilege a recreational pilot has over a student pilot?May carry one passenger
  3. 3What privileges does a student pilot (with proper endorsements) have over a recreational pilot?1. Can fly at night
    2. Can fly into airports requiring two-way communications (D, C & some class B)
    3. Can continue beyond 50 NM
    *Therefore students passing recreational check rides lose privileges
  4. 4Sport Pilots privileges1. Only planes in light sport category
    2. Only pilot certificate not requiring a medical exam if you have a drivers license
    3.
  5. 5Definition of light sportaircraft1. Max gross takeoff 1320 or for ASES 1430
    2. Stall 45 kts/52 MPH
    3. SL max speed of 120 kts
    4. Max of two seats
  6. 6How do GA Fatal statistics compare to automobile stats?About at least 10.9 times more likely to die than car based upon Montakos analysis of 2000-2009 stats where he assumed an average GA speed of 150 kts and converted from 100k hours to one million miles flown. (.65 fatals per 100k becomes 15.4 deaths per million vs 1.41 deaths for vehicles during the same period.
  7. 7Is GA safe then? Can it be safe?1. Remove outliers of killing zone (6.8%)
    2. Remove outliers VFR into IMC (13.7%)
    3. Don’t participate in riskier ops (banner, or anything low)
    4. Reduce exposures & add buffers
  8. 8Reasons to be careful with statisticsLack of accidents doesn’t mean flying is safe & a spree of accidents is not proof that it’s dangerous. But stats show that there’s a list of situations where accidents most likely occur
  9. 9Successfully avoiding collisions in the following ten “pilot killers” would yield very few collisions:1. Cont’d VFR into IMC
    2. Maneuvering
    3. Take off & climb
    4. Approach & landing
    5. Runway incursions
    6. Mid-air collision
    7. Fuel mismanagement or contam
    8. Pilot health & physiology
    9. Night Flying
    10. Icing
  10. 10What’s an eleventh pilot killer added to the list in 2000?Automation
  11. 11Possible CFIT contributor?Moving map -since they know exactly where they are, they may be tempted to scud run, in contrast to blocked VOR reception by terrain
  12. 12Lethality rate of WX related accidents?62%
  13. 13Biggest category of WX related accidents and it’s associated lethality rate?VFR into IMC -86%
  14. 14Three phases of VFR into to o IMC1. Fly into bad WX or deteriorating WX
    2. Loss of control or deliberate descent to get below ceiling
    3. High speed ground collision
  15. 15WX related accident involving CFIT means?Attempt to duck under
  16. 16WX related accident involving Stall spin/crushVFR into IMC with LOC
  17. 17WX related accident involving Structural failureDisoriented Pilot over stresses the airplane in an attempt to regain control
  18. 18What might you expect with a positive lifted index number?It means the air at altitude would be cooler than standard and I should expect it to be heavier and to sink. Chance of thunderstorms is low but the possibility of haze would be very high. On a night flight with light winds, it can turn a VFR forecast into an IFR reality, as it did in the Kennedy crash.
  19. 19The standard atmosphere dry air cooling is what per 1000 feet?3 degrees C, so example 18000 feet should be 54 degrees C cooler
  20. 20What woild a negative lifted index number reveal?The column of air at any altitude would be warmer than standard and I would expect it to be rising, unstable air
  21. 21What is a dew point?Has nothing to do with dew on surfaces in the conventional meaning. It’s simply the point at which air becomes saturated enough for clouds to form/ become visible.
  22. 22When can fog be expected?Anytime the temp/dew point spread are four degrees or less
  23. 23Four degree spread at 7am -is fog likely?Maybe not because it’s daybreak and should be getting warmer
  24. 24How about a four degree spread at 7pm?Sounds like trouble
  25. 25How do you predict cloud ceilings?Expect wherever temperature and dew point converge. Dry air cools off at a standard rate of 5.4 deg F per one thousand feet. The dew point cools off at a standard rate of one degree F per one thousand feet. So the two converge at a rate of 4.4 degrees F (2.5 C) per one thousand feet. Divide spread by 4.4 then multiply to express in thousands. Gives AGL answer.
  26. 26AOPA’s Dirty Dozen1. Adverse yaw 2. Applied Aerodynamics 3. Airplane Awareness 4. Planning Ahead 5. Pilotage & Dead Reckoning 6.Traffic Control 7. Power & Prop effects 8. Attitude & Airspeed control situational Awareness 10. Anticipating radio com’s 11. Crosswind basics 12. Precision
  27. 27Explain adverse yaw in a turnThe upward/outside wing in a bank has more lift and drag due to its downward deflected aleron than the downward/inside wing with its upward deflected aleron. Every single time alerons are deflected the rudder must accompany it.
  28. 28Rule of thumb for turning radius and diameter?Radius (half the diameter) for standard rate 2-minute turns is half a percent of airspeed in knots and therefore diameter is one percent.
  29. 29Since we generally only fly at a handful of speeds we should know a few of the diameters by memory. What's the radius of an 80 knot standard rate turn?.4 NM
  30. 30Since we generally only fly at a handful of speeds we should know a few of the diameters by memory. What's the radius of a 90 knot standard rate turn?.5 NM
  31. 31Since we generally only fly at a handful of speeds we should know a few of the diameters by memory. What's the radius of a 100 knot standard rate turn?.5 NM
  32. 32Since we generally only fly at a handful of speeds we should know a few of the diameters by memory. What's the radius of a 120 Knot standard rate turn?.6 NM
  33. 33Since we generally only fly at a handful of speeds we should know a few of the diameters by memory. What's the radius of a 140 knot standard rate turn?.7 NM
  34. 34For non-standard (possibly steep) turns the radius and diameter vary based upon what three inputs?1. Bank angle
    2. Rate of turn
    3. Airspeed
  35. 35As airspeed increases, turn radius and diameter will?Increase
  36. 36As bank angle increases, turn radius?Decreases but watch out for the critical angle of attack/ increased stall speed.
  37. 37Standard rate turns are _______ degrees per secondThree
  38. 38The thing that’s standard about standard rate turns is the ______ involved. The thing that varies from aircraft to aircraft is the _____ and the _____.The thing that’s standard about standard rate turns is the time involved. The thing that varies from aircraft to aircraft is the speed and the size of the turn..
  39. 39How many feet per second at 100 knots?169 fps
  40. 40The PHAK expresses pie as what?3.1415
  41. 41Circumference formulaC = 2(3.1415)R
  42. 42Distance formula for standard rateD = VT
    So if 100 knots,
    D = 100(2/60)
    D = 3.33
  43. 43Taxi into position & hold vs Line Up And Wait2007 participated in a safety summit, 2008 FAA adopted ICAO Incursions A-D categories, and in 2010 implemented LUAW OPS, experiencing a 50% drop in incidents in the first & second year. Includes new initiatives, technology and new controller phraseology (4 syllables transmitted instead of nine).
  44. 44TenerifeWorst ever aviation disaster with 583 dead (nearly 39% of titanic, over 24% of Pearl Harbor & over 19% of 9-11).
  45. 45Northwest vs Northwest collisionRomulus MI Detroit Airport Dec 3 1990 (I was 25) NWA42, a DC9, and NWA299, a B727 collided intersection of 09/27 & 03C/21C in fog. 727 on takeoff roll & DC9 had just taxied onto active. No one injured on 727 but DC9 destroyed with 8 of 39 passengers & 4 crew dead. No crew coordination on DC9 w/ reversal of roles. Deficiency in ATC SVCS. Failure to offer progressive taxi in low visibility. Issuance of inappropriate & confusing taxi instructions & inadequate supervision. Deficiencies in markings & signage.
  46. 46Sterile cockpit protocolFor airlines it’s anything below 10,000 feet. For GA, it’s at least ten miles out from the airport or from the IAF or anytime there is a high volume of ATC traffic if under control. BTW, there are no coach passengers in GA. Everyone is crew and should be looking for traffic.
  47. 47You’re on final approach at night and you observe twinkling in the ALS, runway lights and/or PAPI. What should you do?Go around. It’s likely that your low or unknown obstructions are in the way.
  48. 48VFR at night considerationsNot even legal in some countries or highly regulated with filing requirements, reporting points
  49. 49Time ice is a product of which type of clouds?Stratus
  50. 50What percentage of private pilot accidents had instrument ratings?From another perspective, 72% of private pilots (those without instrument rating) were involved in 81% of fatal accidents. In 2011 27.8 % of private pilots were IFR rated, the highest ever. It was only 17% in 1990.
  51. 51What percentage of traffic pattern midair’s happen on final?80%
  52. 52Regulation stating fuel gages must only be accurate when emptyCAR 3.672
    https://blog.aopa.org/aopa/author/blandsberg/page/2/
  53. 53Because alcohol is absorbed in to the blood’s hemoglobin faster than oxygen, alcohol doubles it’s effects every ________ feet.10,000

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Karteikarten am The Killing Zone, erstellt von Dan Anderson am 30/10/2021.
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