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Exam 1 modules 1-4

Bree Bree Animal Physiology College Englisch 131 Karten

The nervous system

Karten in diesem Stapel (131)

  1. 1The nervous systemThe nervous system
  2. 2Neuron morphologyNeuron morphology
  3. 3DendritesDendrites
  4. 4Neuronal polarityNeuronal polarity
  5. 5Transmission of signals between neurons in a simple neuronal circuitTransmission of signals between neurons in a simple neuronal circuit
  6. 6Reflex arc exampleReflex arc example
  7. 7Transmission of electrical signals BETWEEN neuronsTransmission of electrical signals BETWEEN neurons
  8. 8Graded electrical signals vs all or no signalsGraded electrical signals vs all or no signals
  9. 9Describe the process of transmission of electrical signals within the neuronDescribe the process of transmission of electrical signals within the neuron
  10. 10What do graded signals depend on and what do all or no signals depend on?What do graded signals depend on and what do all or no signals depend on?
  11. 11Electric potential vs membrane potentialElectric potential vs membrane potential
  12. 12Ion gradient across membrane of typical cellIon gradient across membrane of typical cell
  13. 13Measuring membrane potential when both electrodes in saline bathMeasuring membrane potential when both electrodes in saline bath
  14. 14Measuring membrane potential when electrode penetrates cellMeasuring membrane potential when electrode penetrates cell
  15. 15Passive electrical properties of cell membranePassive electrical properties of cell membrane
  16. 16Stimulus currentStimulus current
  17. 17Membrane voltage in response to stimulating currents in excitable cellsMembrane voltage in response to stimulating currents in excitable cells
  18. 18Resistance, conductance, and capacitance are what and responsible for what-are the passive electrical properties of the cell membrane
    -are necessary for maintaining the cell's membrane potential
    -give the membrane its ability for time-dependent responses to stimulation and voltage changes
  19. 19What is electrochemical potential dependent on?What is electrochemical potential dependent on?
  20. 20A chamber filled with KCl with 2 compartments separated by a membrane that is permeable to + but not Cl- with equal concentrationA chamber filled with KCl with 2 compartments separated by a membrane that is permeable to + but not Cl- with equal concentration
  21. 21A chamber filled with KCl with 2 compartments separated by a membrane that is permeable to + but not Cl- with compartment I having more KClA chamber filled with KCl with 2 compartments separated by a membrane that is permeable to + but not Cl- with compartment I having more KCl
  22. 22Electrochemical equilibrium vs equilibrium potentialElectrochemical equilibrium vs equilibrium potential
  23. 23If KCl concentration in compartment I is higher than II does the voltage change and is energy spentA change in voltage
    No energy spent to generate or maintain it
  24. 24Resting Membrane potentialResting Membrane potential
  25. 25Na+/K+ pump vs. K+ leak channelNa+/K+ pump vs. K+ leak channel
  26. 26Na+/K+ pump illustratedNa+/K+ pump illustrated
  27. 27Action PotentialAction Potential
  28. 28Action potentials in excitable cells sequence of eventsAction potentials in excitable cells sequence of events
  29. 29Voltage-gated Na+ channels and the action potentialVoltage-gated Na+ channels and the action potential
  30. 30Changes in Vm and ionic conductances during an action potentialChanges in Vm and ionic conductances during an action potential
  31. 31Threshold potentialThreshold potential
  32. 32IsopotentialSame potential everywhere
    ex. the potential sensed by the intracellular electrode does not change as the tip is advanced further into the cell because in the resting state the cytoplasm is isopotential
  33. 33PhasicPhasic
  34. 34TonicTonic
  35. 35Propagation of action potentials along an axonThe opening and closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels along the axon are sequential
    -the current that flows through one Na+ channel provides the stimulus (voltage charge) to open the next
    -electrodes can measure at different points
  36. 36The initiation of action potentialsThe initiation of action potentials
  37. 37The refractory periods after an action potentialThe refractory periods after an action potential
  38. 38Alternation of graded and all-or-none electrical signals during neurotransmission in neuronal circuitAlternation of graded and all-or-none electrical signals during neurotransmission in neuronal circuit
  39. 39Transmission of the receptor potential through the neuronal somaTransmission of the receptor potential through the neuronal soma
  40. 40Measuring the decay of a graded signal during an electronic transmission vs the propagation of an all-or-none signal along an axonThe graded signal gets weaker further away from the injection site, signals without action potentials are subject to decay
    All-or-none signal, if the stimulus current is strong, APs are induced, the amplitude does not vary with their positions, and voltage-gated channels continue to open throughout the length of the axon
  41. 41Changes in adjacent voltage-gated Na+ channelsThe propagation of the action potential in one direction
    -an inward flow of Na+ causes a local membrane polarity reversal (a depolarization) around the open channel, the resulting change in Vm acts as the threshold potential that opens the adjacent channel, and the first channel switches to inactive, then onward to the next, the first becomes closed, the second inactive, and the third open
  42. 42Ion channels and the action potential -resting -rising -falling -recoveryIon channels and the action potential -resting -rising -falling -recovery
  43. 43Glial CellsGlial Cells
  44. 44Myelination of CNS axons by oligodendrocytesMyelination of CNS axons by oligodendrocytes
  45. 45Nodes of RanvierNodes of Ranvier
  46. 46The cell membrane as a capacitorThe cell membrane as a capacitor
  47. 47Consequences of myelinationConsequences of myelination
  48. 48Saltatory conduction of APs in the myelinated axonsSaltatory conduction of APs in the myelinated axons
  49. 49DemyelinationDemyelination disrupts the velocity of electrotonic transmission through the axon and the overall speed of electrical conduction and neurotransmissionDemyelination
  50. 50Communication between neuronsSynapse: the point of physical interaction and neurotransmission between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
    Two types
    1. electrical
    2. chemical
  51. 51Electrical SynapseElectrical Synapse
  52. 52Chemical synapseChemical synapse
  53. 53Chemical synaptic transmissionChemical synaptic transmission
  54. 54Changes in Vm and ionic conductances during an action potentialChanges in Vm and ionic conductances during an action potential
  55. 55Why are chemical synapses the preferred mode of neurotransmission in the nervous system over electrical?Chemical is slower but they can be regulated so they are preferred over faster electrical that are faster
  56. 56How are chemical signals regulated?The signal is terminated by removing the NT from the synapse
    1. reabsorption (serotonin, dopamine)
    2. enzymatic degradation (acetylcholine)
  57. 57ProzacProzac blocks the reabsorption of serotonin by the presynaptic cell
    (Neurotransmitter regulated by reabsorption example)
  58. 58CocaineCocaine inhibits the elimination of dopamine from the synapse by blocking its reabsorption
    -due to excessive stimulation the number of dopamine receptors in the postsynaptic membrane decreases and the synapse is less active when the drug is removed (drug addiction)
  59. 59Fast chemical synaptic transmissionFast chemical synaptic transmission
  60. 60Slow chemical synaptic transmissionSlow chemical synaptic transmission
  61. 61Innervation of a frog muscleInnervation of a frog muscle
  62. 62The neuromuscular junctionThe neuromuscular junction
  63. 63The motor endplateThe motor endplate
  64. 64AcetylcholineAcetylcholine
  65. 65Endplate potentials at several distances from the endplateEndplate potentials at several distances from the endplate
  66. 66Reversal potentialReversal potential
  67. 67Measuring the reversal potentialMeasuring the reversal potential
  68. 68Excitatory vs inhibitoryExcitatory vs inhibitory
  69. 69Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents and potentialsExcitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents and potentials
  70. 70Specialized receptor cellsSpecialized receptor cells
  71. 71Properties of StimuliProperties of Stimuli
  72. 72What does the ability to distinguish all colors depend on?The ability to distinguish all colors depends on the combined sensitivities if just 3 types of cone photoreceptor cells
    Blue
    Green
    Red
  73. 73Not all receptor cells are ___ but ALL receptor cells ________Not all receptor cells are neurons but all receptor cells produce neurotransmitters (only neurons have action potentials)
  74. 74Transmission of sensory info to the CNS Pattern 1: the soma of the sensory neuron is close to the site where the stimulus is received and far from the CNSTransmission of sensory info to the CNS Pattern 1: the soma of the sensory neuron is close to the site where the stimulus is received and...
  75. 75Transmission of sensory info to the CNS Pattern 2: the soma of the sensory neuron is close to the site where the stimulus is received and close to the the CNSTransmission of sensory info to the CNS Pattern 2: the soma of the sensory neuron is close to the site where the stimulus is received and...
  76. 76Transmission of sensory info to the CNS Pattern 3: non-neuronal receptorsTransmission of sensory info to the CNS Pattern 3: non-neuronal receptors
  77. 77TransductionTransduction
  78. 78Signal amplification in odorant chemoreceptionSignal amplification in odorant chemoreception
  79. 79Conversion of the receptor potential into APsConversion of the receptor potential into APs
  80. 80Neuronal receptor vs non-neuronal receptor pathwayNeuronal receptor vs non-neuronal receptor pathway
  81. 81Limitations on stimulus strength1. limit on receptor current: there is a finite number of ion channels on the membrane (opening them all is the limit)
    2. Limit on the amplitude of the receptor potential: it can not exceed the reversal potential for the ion current
    3. Limit on the frequency of APs: APs can not occur during refractory period
    Dynamic Range: the range of intensity that a receptor system can decode (the range of stimulus it will respond to)
  82. 82Limited by reversal potential graphedLimited by reversal potential graphed
  83. 83Limited by refractory period graphedLimited by refractory period graphed
  84. 84Sum of both Refractory period and reversal potential propertiesSum of both Refractory period and reversal potential properties
  85. 85Baseline FrequencyBaseline Frequency
  86. 86Modifying AP frequency by the stimulusModifying AP frequency by the stimulus
  87. 87ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors
  88. 88Structure of the vertebrate taste budStructure of the vertebrate taste bud
  89. 89Transduction mechanisms of salty (some sour) taste qualityTransduction mechanisms of salty (some sour) taste quality
  90. 90Transduction mechanisms of other sours (some bitter) taste qualityTransduction mechanisms of other sours (some bitter) taste quality
  91. 91Transduction mechanisms of other bitters taste qualityTransduction mechanisms of other bitters taste quality
  92. 92Transduction mechanisms of sweet taste qualityTransduction mechanisms of sweet taste quality
  93. 93Transduction mechanisms of slightly bitter and some sweet taste qualityTransduction mechanisms of slightly bitter and some sweet taste quality
  94. 94Where is taste reception processed? Where is smell and pheromone reception processed?Taste reception is processed at the somatosensory cortex
    Smell and pheromone reception are both processed at the olfactory cortex (very small in humans)
  95. 95Olfactory organsOlfactory organs
  96. 96—
  97. 97—
  98. 98Olfactory EpitheliumOlfactory Epithelium
  99. 99Odorant receptor proteinsOdorant receptor proteins
  100. 100Axons from nasal and vomeronasal epitheliaAxons from nasal and vomeronasal epithelia
  101. 101The vomeronasal organ (VNO)The vomeronasal organ (VNO)
  102. 102Vomeronasal in squamatesVomeronasal in squamates
  103. 103The vomeronasal organ in mammalsThe vomeronasal organ in mammals
  104. 104The function of PLC in pheromone receptionThe function of PLC in pheromone reception
  105. 105Drosophila explainedDrosophila explained
  106. 106Drosophila illustrated and graphedDrosophila illustrated and graphed
  107. 107What is a hair cell? What does it do?What is a hair cell? What does it do?
  108. 108Hair cell structureThe typical hair cell has 1 kinocilium and 20 stereocilia on its apical surface, the displacement of the entire bundle results in a Vm across the membrane of the hair cellHair cell structure
  109. 109Linking filaments between ciliaLinking filaments interconnect the kinocilium and the stereocilia so that mechanical displacement (movement) of one cilium results in the displacement (movement) of all the cilia in a bundle, and the opening of mechanosensitive ion channels
  110. 110Stimulation of the hair cell graphedStimulation of the hair cell graphed
  111. 111Simulation of hair cell excitatory vs inhibitorySimulation of hair cell excitatory vs inhibitory
  112. 112Examples of mechanoreception in vertebrates by hair cellsExamples of mechanoreception in vertebrates by hair cells
  113. 113Hair cells in XenopusHair cells of the lateral-line system in Xenopus
    -the cilia are embedded inside the flexible, jellylike cupula, which displaces the cilia of the underlying hair cells in response to water motion    Hair cells in Xenopus
  114. 114What do human vestibular organs do?1. detect position of body relative to gravity (ex. losing balance)
    2. detect acceleration (movement)
    3. detect sound/hearing
  115. 115The vertebrate organs of equilibrium in the inner earThe vertebrate organs of equilibrium in the inner ear
  116. 116—
  117. 117—
  118. 118—
  119. 119—
  120. 120—
  121. 121—
  122. 122—
  123. 123The organ of CortiThe organ of Corti
  124. 124Ion channels on the hair cell stereociliaIon channels on the hair cell stereocilia
  125. 125—
  126. 126Frequency sensitivity of the basilar membraneFrequency sensitivity of the basilar membrane
  127. 127Insect tympanal earsInsect tympanal ears
  128. 128—
  129. 129What is the resting voltage of cells?All living cells have a Vrest between -20mv and -100mv due to the passive electrical properties of the membrane
  130. 130—
  131. 131What is a local membrane potential reversal also called?Depolarization

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College Animal Physiology Karteikarten am Exam 1 modules 1-4, erstellt von Bree Bree am 26/08/2022.
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