Karteikarten
PHYL141 Lecture chapter 9
Karten in diesem Stapel (63)
- 1Joints (articulations)places of contact between bones, bones and cartilage, or bones and teeth
- 2What are the structural classes of joints?- fibrous joint
- cartilaginous joint
- synovial joint - 3Fibrous jointbones held together by dense connective joint
(sutures and interosseous membrane) - 4Cartilaginous jointbones joined by cartilage
-intervertebral joints - 5Synovial jointbones joined by ligaments with fluid filled joint cavity separating bone surfaces
(shoulder and knee joint) - 6What are the functional classes of joints-Synarthroses
- amphiarthroses
-diarthroses - 7Synarthrosesimmobile joints
can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints - 8Amphiarthrosesslightly mobile joints
can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints - 9Diarthrosesfreely mobile joints
all synovial joints - 10What determines joints mobility and stabilitystructure
- 11Characteristics of fibrous jointsconnected by dense regular connective tissues
no joint cavity
immobile to only slightly mobile - 12Three most common fibrous joint typesgomphoses
sutures
syndesmoses - 13Gomphosesgums
(peg in a socket)
tooth held in place by fibrous periodontal membranes
- function as synarthroses
- articulations of teeth with sockets of mandible and maxillae - 14Sutures (seams)- found between some skull bones (very short fibers)
- interlocking, irregular edges (increase strength and decrease risk of fracture)
- function as synarthroses
- ossified synostoses in older people - 15Syndesmoses- bound by interosseous membrane, broad ligamentous sheet
- found between radius and ulna (tibia and fibula)
- function as amphiarthroses (provide pivot for two long bones) - 16Cartilaginous jointsproperties: either hyaline or fibrocartilage between bones
- lack a joint cavity
- immobile to slightly mobile
- synchondroses or symphyses - 17Synchondrosesbones joined by hyaline cartilage
- immobile (synarthroses) - 18Symphyses- pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones (resist compression, shock absorbers)
-allow slight mobility (amphiarthroses) - 19Synovial Joints- joint cavity (space between two bones)
- most body joints
- diarthrotic (freely mobile) - 20Features of Synovial joints- Articular capsule (walls) made of outer fibrous layer and intersynovial membrane
synovial fluid (keeps fluid in)
- articular cartilage (hyaline)
- ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels (tie bone to bone) - 21Synovial joints: outer layerfibrous layer :
formed from dense connective tissue
strengthens joints to prevent bones being pulled apart - 22Synovial joint inner layersynovial membrane:
composed primarily of areolar connective tissue
covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage
helps produce synovial fliud - 23Articular cartilagehyaline cartilage on bone surface at joint
- 24Functions of articular cartilage-reduces friction during movement
-acts as a cushion to absorb joint compression
- prevents damage to articulating ends of bones
- avascular - 25What does articular cartilage lack?perichondrium
- 26Joint Cavityspace between articulating bones
- lined by synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid - 27What is synovial fluid?viscous, oily substance
lubricates articular cartilage on articulating surfaces
nourishes and removes wastes from chondrocytes
- acts as a shock absorber - 28Ligaments- dense regular connective tissue
- connect bone to bone
- stabilize, strengthen and reinforce synovial joints
- extrinsic ligaments - 29What are extrinsic ligaments?- physically separate from joint capsule
- co laterals - 30Intrinsic ligamentsthickening of the articular capsule itself
- include ligaments outside and within the joint capsule
cruciate (criss cross) - 31Tendon sheaths, elongated bursae- wrap around tendons where friction is excessive
- common in wrist and ankle - 32Fat pads-act as protective packing material in joint periphery
- can fill spaces when joint shape changes - 33Sensory nerves in synovial joints- numerous in synovial joints
- nerves detect painful stimuli, report on movement and stretch (sends info to cerebellum) - 34Tendons- composed of dense regular connective tissue
- not part of the synovial joint itself
- attach muscle to bone
- help stabilize joints - 35Bursae- fibrous, saclike structure containing synovial fluid
- lined internally by synovial membrane
- found in synovial joints, where structures rub together
- connected to or separate from joint cavity
- alleviate friction - 36Uniaxial jointbone moves in just one plane or axis (hinge: elbow, pivot, plane)
- 37Biaxial Jointbone moves in two planes or axes
(condylar, and saddle) - 38Multiaxial Jointbone moves in multiple plane or axes (ball and socket joints) (hip joints)
- 39Plane jointarticular surface flat, simplest, mobile synovial articulation
uniaxial: limited side to side gliding movement in a single plane - 40Hinge Jointconvex surface within concave depression
uniaxial: like the hinge of door - 41Pivot Join- bone with rounded surface fits into ligament ring
- uniaxial joint: rotation on longitudinal axis - 42Condylar Join- oval, convex surface articulating with concave surface, biaxial
- 43Saddle joint- convex and concave surfaces resembling saddle shape, biaxial
- 44Ball-and-socket joint-spherical head of one bone fitting into cup like socket
- multiaxial, permitting movement in three planes, the most freely mobile joint - 45What is a lever?- elongated, rigid object (like a bone) rotates around fixed point (fulcrum)
- 46The lever has ability to change what ?-speed and distance of movement produced by force
- direction of applied force
-force strength - 47Biomechanicsapplying mechanical principles to biology
- 48Effortapplied to one point
- 49Resistancelocated at some other point
- movements occurs if effort exceeds resistance - 50Effort armpart of lever from fulcrum to point of effort
- 51Resistance armpart of lever from fulcrum to point of resistance
- 52First class leversfulcrum is between effort and resistance
- mechanical or speed advantage depends which is closest to fulcrum (pair of scissors) - 53If effort is closerspeed advantage
- 54If resistance is closermechanical advantage
- 55Second class leversresistance between fulcrum and effort
- mechanical advantage
- small force moves larger weight
- wheelbarrows
- fulcrum from from effort
- rare in body (stand on tiptoes) - 56Third class levers- effort between resistance and fulcrum
- speed advantage
forceps
-most common in body
-moves a greater distance
- elbow joint
(joint is fulcrum; biceps tendon applies effort; weight in hand provides resistance) - 57Gliding-two opposing surfaces sliding back and forth or side to side
- only limited movement possible in any direction
- typically occurs along plane joints
(between carpals or tarsals) - 58Angular motion- increases or decreases angle between two bones
- 59Specific types of angular motion- flexion and extension
- hyperextension
- lateral flexion
- abduction and adduction
- circumduction - 60Flexion-movement in anterior posterior plane
- decreases angle between bones: brings bones closer together (bending finger) - 61Extension- increases angle between articulating bones (straightening finger)
- 62Hyperextensionjoint extended more than 180 degrees (glancing up at ceiling while standing)
- 63Lateral flexiontrunk of body moving in coronal plane laterally
- occurs between vertebrae in the cervical and lumber region
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- Karteikarten am PHYL141 Lecture chapter 9, erstellt von Kalliyan So am 18/10/2022.
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