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Enterobacteriaceae

Briar Fleur Medical Laboratory Science Englisch 166 Karten

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  1. 1Other term for EnterobacteriaceaeEnterics
  2. 2Morphology of Enterobacteriaceae under the microscopeGRAM NEGATIVE bacilli (rods)
    and coccobacilli
  3. 3Enterics DO NOT produce CYTOCHROME OXIDASE except:Plesiomonas
  4. 4Enterics reduce NITRATE to NITRITE except:Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus
  5. 5Enterics are MOTILE at body temperatures except:S - Shigella
    K - Klebsiella
    Y - Yersinia
  6. 6Morphology of Enterobacteriaceae on SBA, CHOC, and other non-selective culture mediaLARGE, MOIST, and GRAY
  7. 7Generally, Enterics are AEROGENIC (produce gas) except:Shigella
  8. 8MAY or MAY NOT be AEROGENIC:S - Salmonella
    S - Serratia
    P - Proteus
    P - Providencia
    K - Klebsiella
  9. 9Rapid Lactose Fermenters:E - Escherichia
    E - Enterobacter
    K - Klebsiella
  10. 10Late Lactose Fermenters:C - Citrobacter
    H - Hafnia
    S - Salmonella arizonae
    S - Shigella sonei
    S - Serratia
    Y - Yersinia enterocolitica
  11. 11Non-lactose Fermenters:A - ALL Salmonella EXCEPT S. arizonae
    A - ALL Shigella EXCEPT S. sonei
    A - ALL Yersinia EXCEPT Y. enterocolitica
    E - Edwardsiella
    M - Morganella
    P - Proteus
    P - Providencia
  12. 12Produce H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide) on TSIS - Salmonella
    P - Proteus
    A - Arizona
    C - Citrobacter
    E - Edwardsiella
  13. 13Produce H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide) on LIAS - Salmonella
    A - Arizona
    C - Citrobacter
    E - Edwardsiella
  14. 14Rapid Urease Producers:P - Proteus
    P - Providencia
    M - Morganella
  15. 15Slow Urease Producers:C - Citrobacter
    K - Klebsiella
    E - Enterobacter EXCEPT E. gergoviae
    Y - Yersinia
    S - Serratia
  16. 16Deaminase Producers:P - Proteus
    P - Providencia
    M - Morganella
  17. 17Lysine Decarboxylation (LDC) Positive (+):K - Klebsiella
    E - Escherichia
    E - Edwardsiella
    S - Salmonella EXCEPT S. paratyphi A
    S - Serratia
    H - Hafnia
  18. 18Lysine Decarboxylation (LDC) Negative (-):P - Proteus
    P - Providencia
    M - Morganella
    C - Citrobacter
    Y - Yersinia
    E - Enterobacter EXCEPT E. gergoviae and aerogenes
    S - Shigella
  19. 19HEAT-STABLE antigen located on the CELL WALLO Antigen or Somatic Antigen
  20. 20HEAT-LABILE antigen located on the surface of FLAGELLAH Antigen or Flagellar Antigen
  21. 21HEAT-LABILE antigen located on the CAPSULEK Antigen or Capsular Antigen
  22. 22K Antigen or Capsular Antigen of Escherichia coliK1 Antigen
  23. 23K Antigen or Capsular Antigen of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype TyphiVi Antigen
  24. 24Can provide antimicrobial resistance genesPlasmids
  25. 25Produce plasmid-mediated extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)E - Escherichia coli
    K - Klebsiella pneumoniae
    K - Klebsiella oxytoca
  26. 26True or False: Enterics are often commensals, causing no harm, and yet they can be responsible for a large number of opportunistic infections when introduced into inappropriate body sites.True
  27. 272 Categories of Enterics:Opportunistic Pathogens
    Primary Pathogens
  28. 28All are members of Opportunistic Pathogens except:Salmonella
    Shigella
    Yersinia
    (Primary Pathogens)
  29. 29IMVC meaning:I - Indole Test
    M - Methyl Red Test
    V - Voges-Proskauer Test
    C - Citrate Test
  30. 30IMVC of Escherichia coli++--
  31. 31Escherichia coli is also called:Colon bacillus / Golden bacillus
  32. 32Used as a primary marker of fecal contamination in water quality testingEscherichia coli
  33. 33Motile and generally possess adhesive fimbriae and sex pili and O, H, and K antigensEscherichia coli
  34. 34It usually appears as a lactose-positive (pink) colony with a surrounding area of precipitated bile salts on MAC agarEscherichia coli
  35. 35On EMB agar, it has a green metallic sheenEscherichia coli
  36. 36Associated with the following properties: ▫ Fermentation of glucose, lactose, trehalose, and xylose ▫ Production of indole from tryptophan ▫ Glucose fermentation by the mixed acid pathway: methyl red positive and Voges-Proskauer-negative ▫ Does not produce H2S, DNase, urease, or phenylalanine deaminase ▫ Cannot use citrate as a sole carbon sourceEscherichia coli
  37. 37Most common cause of UTIs in humansUropathogenic Escherichia coli
  38. 38▫ associated with diarrhea of adults and especially children in tropical and subtropical climates, especially in developing countries, where it is one of the major causes of infant bacterial diarrhea. ▫ most common cause of a diarrheal disease sometimes referred to as traveler’s diarrhea ▫ produces heat-labile ▫ spread commonly via consumption of contaminated food or waterEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
  39. 39▫ known to cause infantile diarrhea ▫ O serogroups - cause of diarrhea ▫ H antigenic - intestinal infections ▫ STOOL: watery with mucus but without bloodEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli
  40. 40• produce dysentery with direct penetration, invasion, and destruction of the intestinal mucosa • produces Shiga-like toxin hence causing SHIGELLA-LIKE DIARRHEA • STOOL: watery with blood, pus, and mucusEnteroinvasive Escherichia coli
  41. 41▫ Also known as Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) ▫ O157:H7 has since been associated with hemorrhagic diarrhea, colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). ▫ watery diarrhea that progresses to bloody diarrhea with abdominal cramps and low-grade fever or an absence of fever ▫ STOOL: watery with excessive bloodEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
  42. 42▫ diarrheal syndromes and UTIs ▫ 2 types:  DAEC may be associated with UTIs and diarrheal disease.  Uropathogenic DAEC strains are closely associated with cystitis in children and acute pyelonephritis in pregnant women. ▫ EAEC causes diarrhea by adhering to the surface of the intestinal mucosa. ▫ These strains are found to adhere to HEp2 cells, packed in an aggregative “stacked-brick” pattern on the cells and between the cells by means of fimbriae.Enteroadherent Escherichia coli
  43. 43Most common causes of septicemia and meningitis among neonates, accounting for about 40% of the cases of gram-negative meningitisExtraintestinal E. coli infections
  44. 44Most documented virulence factor associated with neonatal meningeal infectionsCapsular Antigen K1
  45. 45A yellow-pigmented organism that has been isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), wounds, and bloodEscherichia hermannii
  46. 46▫ has been isolated from humans with infected wounds ▫ more than half of the strains also produce yellow-pigmented colonies.Escherichia vulneris
  47. 47Associated with diarrheal disease in childrenEscherichia albertii
  48. 48IMVC of Klebsiella and Raoultella--++
  49. 49Usually found on the intestinal tract of humans and animals or free-living in soil, water, and on plantsKlebsiella and Raoultella
  50. 50Associated with various opportunistic and hospital-acquired infections, particularly pneumonia, wound infections, and UTIsKlebsiella and Raoultella
  51. 51▫ Most grow on Simmons citrate and in potassium cyanide broth. ▫ Do not produce H2S ▫ A few hydrolyze urea slowly. ▫ All give a negative reaction with the methyl red test and a positive reaction with the Voges-Proskauer test. ▫ With a few exceptions, no indole is produced from tryptophan. ▫ Motility is variable.Klebsiella and Raoultella
  52. 52• most commonly isolated species and has the distinct feature of possessing a large polysaccharide capsule • The capsule offers the organism protection against phagocytosis and antimicrobial absorption, contributing to its virulence. • The capsule is also responsible for the moist mucoid colonies • Capsulated: mucoid colonies or tend to “string”Klebsiella pneumoniae
  53. 53• The only INDOLE POSITIVE Klebsiella species • Has been isolated in stool and blood cultures • Isolates have been linked to antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis.Klebsiella oxytoca
  54. 54Highly associated with the presence of plasmid-mediated ESBLs, contributing to the large numbers of antimicrobial resistant hospital-acquired infections seen today.Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae
  55. 55Has been isolated from patients with rhinoscleromaKlebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis
  56. 56Have been isolated from the urine, respiratory tracts, and blood of humansRauoltella (Klebsiella) planticola
  57. 57Indole and ornithine decarboxylase-positiveRaoultella (Klebsiella) ornithinolytica
  58. 58Has been isolated from primarily sterile sitesKlebsiella variicola
  59. 59• motile • resembles Klebsiella when growing on MAC agar • grow on Simmons citrate medium and in potassium cyanide broth • The methyl red test is negative, and the Voges-Proskauer test is positive. • usually produce ornithine decarboxylaseEnterobacter, Cronobacter, and Pantoea
  60. 60IMVC of Enterobacter, Cronobacter, and Pantoea--++
  61. 61Lysine decarboxylase is produced by most species of Enterobacter except:Enterobacter gergoviae and Enterobacter cloacae
  62. 62▫ predominant Enterobacter clinical isolate ▫ associated with bacteremia, respiratory tract infections, UTI, and wound infection in burn patients ▫ also contaminates IV fluids and other hospital instrumentationEnterobacter cloacae
  63. 63▫ Unique Enterobacter member because it is lactose-negative but ONPG positiveEnterobacter taylorae
  64. 64▫ biochemically similar to Enterobacter cloacae ▫ differentiated by its yellow pigment production intensifies at 250°C ▫ has been associated with neonatal sepsis and meningitisEnterobacter sakazakii
  65. 65▫ resembles Enterobacter aerogenes ▫ rapid Urease Producer (RUP) ▫ causes infection of the urinary tract, and bloodEnterobacter gergoviae
  66. 66• gained notoriety with a nationwide outbreak of septicemia resulting from contaminated intravenous fluids. • lysine-, ornithine-, and arginine negative or “triple decarboxylase negative”Pantoea (Enterobacter) agglomerans
  67. 67▫ typically produces a yellow pigment ▫ has been documented as a pathogen in neonates causing meningitis and bacteremia, often coming from powdered infant formula. ▫ isolated from cultures taken from brain abscesses and respiratory and wound infectionsCronobacter (Enterobacter) sakazakii
  68. 68Enterobacter isolated from human sources such as blood, wounds, and sputumEnterobacter hormaechei
  69. 69▫ similar biochemically to E. cloacae ▫ has been isolated from blood, urine, feces, sputum, and woundsEnterobacter asburiae
  70. 70newly recognized species with unknown clinical significanceEnterobacter dissolvens and Enterobacter nimipressuralis
  71. 71Enterobacter associated with osteomyelitis after traumatic woundsEnterobacter cancerogenus (formerly Enterobacter taylorae)
  72. 72IMVC of Serratia-V++
  73. 73• opportunistic pathogens associated with outbreaks in health care settings • ferment lactose slowly and are positive for the o-nitrophenyl-βD-galactopyranoside (ONPG) • ability to produce extracellular DNaseSerratia
  74. 74All Serratia are ONPG positive except:Serratia fonticola
  75. 75often produce a characteristic pink-to-red pigment, prodigiosin, especially when the cultures are incubated at room temperatureSerratia marcescens
    Serratia rubidaea
    Serratia plymuthica
  76. 76Serratia with dirty, musty odor resembling that of rotten potatoesSerratia odorifera
  77. 77Biogroup of S. odorifera isolated predominantly from the respiratory tract and is positive for sucrose, raffinose, and ornithine. In addition, biogroup 1 may be indole-positive (60%).S. odorifera Biogroup 1
  78. 78Biogroup of S. odorifera that is negative for sucrose, raffinose, and ornithine and has been isolated from blood and CSF. May also be indole positive (50%)S. odorifera Biogroup 2
  79. 79Very similar to S. marscesens but differentiated to S. marscesens by its ability to ferment arabinoseSerratia liquefaciens
  80. 80IMVC of Hafnia-V+-
  81. 81• has been linked to gastroenteritis and is occasionally isolated from stool cultures • A delayed positive citrate reaction is a major characteristic.Hafnia
  82. 82Biochemically similar Enterics: All are Voges-Proskauer (VP) positive (+) Produce gas in TSI butt portionK - Klebsiella
    E - Enterobacter
    S - Serratia
    H - Hafnia
  83. 83▫ Representative organism of Hafnia; formerly Enterobacter alvei ▫ Although it has been recovered from stool and wound specimens, its clinical significance is still questionable ▫ resembles EnterobacterHafnia alvei
  84. 84How to differentiate Hafnia alvei from Enterobacter:Hafnia alvei is:
    Late lactose fermenter
    Citrate negative (-)
  85. 85How to differentiate Hafnia alvei from Serratia:Hafnia alvei is:
    DNAse negative
    Lipase negative
    Gelatinase negative
  86. 86• widely disseminated in the environment, are normal intestinal microbiota, and are recognized as opportunistic pathogens • ability to deaminate the amino acid phenylalanine • do not ferment lactoseProteus
  87. 87UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS: Rapid Urease Producers (RUPRXN within 4 hours); typical swarming motility (growth in waves or swarms); H2S producing in TSI but not in LIAProteus
  88. 88▫ can produce “swarming” colonies on non-selective media, such as SBA ▫ “burnt chocolate” ▫ thought to play a role in the ascending nature of Proteusassociated UTIsProteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris
  89. 89Proteus that does not produce indole from tryptophan and is ornithine-positiveProteus mirabilis
  90. 90▫ Proteus that produces indole and is ornithine-negative ▫ ferments sucrose and gives an acid/acid reaction in triple sugar iron (TSI) agarProteus vulgaris
  91. 91▫ Proteus that also swarms on non-selective media ▫ has been isolated from patients with diarrheaProteus penneri
  92. 92The sources of antigen for the Weil-Felix Reaction (serologic test for the diagnosis of Rickettsial diseases) because they share common polysaccharideProteus spp.
  93. 93Source of OX2/OX19Proteus vulgaris
  94. 94Source of OXK (Kingsbury Strain)Proteus mirabilis
  95. 95Indole positive (+) Proteus speciesProteus vulgaris
  96. 96Ornithine decarboxylation (ODC) positive (+) proteus speciesProteus mirabilis
  97. 97Chlorampenicol resistant Proteus speciesProteus vulgaris
    Proteus penneri
  98. 98Chlorampenicol susceptible Proteus speciesProteus mirabilis
    Proteus myxofaciens
  99. 99IMVC of Morganella++--
  100. 100• Motile but does not swarm • Lactose, citrate, H2S, and LDC negative (-) • Urease & DEAMINASE, ODC positive (+) • Infections include nosocomial Infections of UTI and wound.Morganella
  101. 101The only known species in MorganellaMorganella morganii
  102. 102All are MOTILE METHYL RED (MR) positive (+) DEAMINASE positive (+) LIA - R/A (red/yellow)P - Proteus
    P - Providencia
    M - Morganella
  103. 103IMVC of Providencia++-+
  104. 104▫ Providencia that is a documented pathogen of the urinary tract and has caused occasional outbreaks in health care settings ▫ It has also been implicated in diarrheal disease among travelers.Providencia rettgeri
  105. 105Providencia that has been implicated in outbreaks in burn units and has been isolated from urine culturesProvidencia stuartii
  106. 106Providencia that is most commonly found in the feces of children with diarrheaProvidencia alcalifaciens
  107. 107Other Providencia species (2)Providencia rustigianii
    Providencia heimbachae
  108. 108IMVC of Edwardsiella++--
  109. 109negative for urea and positive for lysine decarboxylase, H2S, and indole and do not grow on Simmons citrateEdwardsiella
  110. 110Edwardsiella that is an opportunist, causing bacteremia and wound infectionsEdwardsiella tarda
  111. 111Edwardsiella that has been isolated from snakes, birds, and waterEdwardsiella hoshinae
  112. 112Edwardsiella that causes enteric septicemia in fishEdwardsiella ictaluri
  113. 113plant pathogens and are not significant in human infectionsErwinia and Pectobacterium
  114. 114grow poorly at 37°C and fail to grow on selective media, such as EMB and MAC, and other differential media typically used for the isolation of entericsErwinia spp.
  115. 115• Resembles Salmonella but differs because it is: ▫ ONPG positive ▫ LDC negative ▫ Slow Urease Producer (SUP) • Important human pathogen which are commonly associated with UTIs & respiratory tract infectionsCitrobacter
  116. 116Citrobacter that: can cause septicemia, wound infection, and gastroenteritis positive for H2S productionCitrobacter freundii
  117. 117Citrobacter that: can cause septicemia, wound infection, and gastroenteritis positive for indole testCitrobacter diversus
  118. 118IMVC of Salmonella-+--
  119. 119▫ gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacilli ▫ produce clear, colorless, non– lactose fermenting colonies; ▫ Colonies with black centers are seen if the media (e.g., HE or XLD) contain indicators for H2S production.Salmonella
  120. 120▫ do not ferment lactose ▫ They are negative for indole, the Voges-Proskauer test, phenylalanine deaminase, and urease. ▫ most produce H2S ▫ do not grow in medium containing potassium cyanide • pathogenic for humans and animalsSalmonella
  121. 121Salmonella species that does not produce H2S gasSalmonella Paratyphi A
  122. 122Causes enteric/typhoid feverSalmonella typhi (most common cause)
    Salmonella Paratyphi A/B
  123. 123Salmonella that is the most common cause of bacteremiaSalmonella cholerasuis
  124. 124Salmonella that is the most common cause of enterocolitis/gastroenteritisSalmonella typhimurium
  125. 125▫ a rarely isolated species that is named after the town of Bongor in Chad, Africa, and was initially isolated in 1966 from a lizard ▫ It is usually isolated from coldblooded animals and the environment.Salmonella bongori
  126. 126Salmonella that is associated with infections acquired from the ingestion of eggs or chickenSalmonella enteritidis
  127. 127Virulence factors of SalmonellaFimbriae
    Enterotoxin (produced by certain Salmonella strains that causes gastroenteritis)
  128. 128Antigenic structures of SalmonellaO antigens
    H antigens
    Capsular Vi antigens (plays a significant role in preventing phagocytosis of the organism; blocks the O antigen during serologic typing but may be removed by heating)
  129. 129IMVC of Shigella++--
  130. 130• cause bacillary dysentery • Inert bacilli (yields negative reaction to most tests) ▫ They are non-motile. ▫ They do not produce gas from glucose. ▫ They do not hydrolyze urea. ▫ They do not produce H2S. ▫ They do not decarboxylate lysineShigella
  131. 131Shigella species that produces gas from glucoseShigella flexneri
  132. 132Shiga's BacillusShigella dysenteriae
  133. 133Strong's BacillusShigella flexneri
  134. 134New Castle Manchester BacillusShigella boydii
  135. 135Duval's BacillusShigella sonnei
  136. 136Antigenic structures of ShigellaO antigens
    Some have K antigens
    Do not have H antigens (non-motile)
  137. 137▫ vary from asymptomatic to severe forms of the disease. ▫ The initial symptoms, marked by high fever, chills, abdominal cramps, and pain accompanied by tenesmus, appear approximately 24 to 48 hours after ingestion of the organismsShigellosis/
    Bacillary Dysentery
  138. 138• Shigellosis/Bacillary  Incubation period for 1-7 days  Fever, abdominal cramping and pain, diarrheaEarly Stage
  139. 139• Shigellosis/Bacillary  Watery diarrhea for 3 daysDiarrheic Stage
  140. 140• Shigellosis/Bacillary  Frequent stools with blood, pus, and mucus  Bacteria had invaded the lining of the GITDysenteric Stage
  141. 141Small coccobacilli that produce small pinpoint colonies on MACYersinia
  142. 142Bull’s eye colonies LLF, ONPG positive, weakly fermentative, requires cold enrichment Normal fecal floraYersinia enterocolitica
  143. 143▫ gram-negative, short, plump bacillus ▫ bipolar stains - “safety-pin” appearance ▫ Although it grows at 37° C, it has a preferential growth temperature of 25° C to 30° C. ▫ causative agent of the ancient disease plagueYersinia pestis
  144. 144▫ found in a wide variety of animals, including domestic swine, cats, and dogs ▫ Several forms:  acute enteritis,  appendicitis-like syndrome  arthritis  erythema nodosumYersinia enterocolitica
  145. 1453 Forms of Plague caused by Y. pestisBubonic Form
    Septicemic Form
    Pneumonic Plague
  146. 146• the most common form of plague, usually results from the bite of an infected flea. • symptoms appear 2 to 5 days after infection • high fever with painful regional lymph • buboes (swollen lymph nodes) begin to appearBubonic Form
  147. 147Plague that occurs when the bacteria spread to the bloodstreamSepticemic Form
  148. 148• occurs secondary to bubonic plague or the septicemic form • can be a primary infection if the bacteria are inhaled • Fatality rate is high— essentially 100%—in untreated patients.Pneumonic Plague
  149. 149▫ pathogen primarily of rodents, particularly guinea pigs ▫ causes a disease characterized by caseous swellings called pseudotubercles ▫ appears as a typical-looking plague bacillus • It can be differentiated from Y. pestis by its motility at 18° C to 22° C, production of urease, and ability to ferment rhamnose.Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
  150. 150Yersinia that is: Associated with plague Do not ferment sucrose, rhamnose, and sorbitolYersinia pestis
  151. 151Yersinia that is: Associated with enterocolitis Ferments sucrose and sorbitolYersinia enterocolitica
  152. 152Yersinia that is: Associated with lymphadenitis Ferments rhamnoseYersinia pseudotuberculosis
  153. 153usually found in water; however, they occasionally occur in clinical specimensBudivicia
  154. 154▫ Only B. agrestis and B. noackiae have been isolated from human specimens. ▫ Biochemically, these organisms are similar to both Citrobacter and Kluyvera species, but DNA hybridization distinctly differentiates them from both genera.Buttiauxella
  155. 155▫ five species: C. davisae, C. lapagei, C. neteri, and Cedecea species types 3 and 5. ▫ Most have been recovered from sputum, blood, and wounds.Cedecea
  156. 156▫ Most isolates have come from human blood cultures or respiratory specimens and exhibit resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents.Ewingella
  157. 157The only species of the genus EwingellaEwingella americana
  158. 158▫ three closely related species:  K. ascorbata (the most common clinical isolate)  K. cryocrescens  K. georgiana ▫ found in respiratory, urine, and blood cultures ▫ Most strains are nonpigmented, but occasional isolates may produce a reddish blue or violet pigment.Kluyvera
  159. 159▫ L. adecarboxylata - have a yellow pigment but only on initial isolation ▫ has similar IMViC reactions to E. coli ▫ negative for lysine and ornithine decarboxylase and arginine dihydrolaseLeclercia
  160. 160▫ L. grimontii and L. richardii ▫ produce H2S and have shown weak reactions with Salmonella antiseraLeminorella
  161. 161▫ contains one species, M. wisconsensis. ▫ isolated from feces in two cases of diarrhea, infected gallbladders, and a bronchial aspirateMoellerella
  162. 162fastidious, slow-growing organisms at 37° C and have not been found in human specimensObesumbacterium
  163. 163Three species:  P. luminescens  P. asymbiotica  P. temperate  Their natural habitat is the lumen of entomopathogenic nematodes, but strains have occasionally been isolated from human specimens.Photorhabdus
  164. 164group of water bacteria that are psychrotolerant, growing at 4° CRahnella aquatilis
  165. 165isolated from vacuum-cleaner contents on the island of Guam when environmental indoor dirt samples were being collectedTrabulsiella
  166. 166They are biochemically similar to Hafnia but differ primarily by yielding negative Voges-Proskauer test results.Yokenella

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Medical Laboratory Science Karteikarten am Enterobacteriaceae, erstellt von Briar Fleur am 28/11/2022.
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