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Karteikarten

Crop Production Lab

ashlynn Smith Crop Production Lab undergrad Englisch 169 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (169)

  1. 1What factors associated with the soil environment can delay emergencesoil compaction
    cold soil
    herbicide injury
    fertilizer on seedling
  2. 2What kind of pests feed on corn seed before seedlings emergeseed corn maggot
    wireworms
    birds
  3. 3How long does it take for pollination once a pollen grain lands on a silk24 hours
  4. 4Identify the growth stage a. tassel begin to developV5-V7
  5. 5Identify the growth stage b. number of rows of seed on each earV5-V7
  6. 6What insects can be a problem on leaves and stalks at the V5-V7 stagecorn aphid
    stalk borer
  7. 7What is the water requirement of corn at the V12-VT stagemore than 2 in per week
  8. 8at what stage does the black layer formR6
  9. 9What is the black layers functionPhysiological maturity
    disconnects seed from cob
  10. 10Leaf AphidCauses damage as and Adult Aphid
    small, blue green, pear shape with black cornicles
  11. 11Corn Rootworm (western)Adult: beetle yellow/ 3 black stripes
    Larvae: White/Brown head
  12. 12GrasshopperCauses damage as an adult
    Gray/Brown
  13. 13European Corn borerCauses damage as Larvae
    Flesh color, tan/black head, 2 brown spots/segment
  14. 14Leaf AphidAttacks leaves and stems
    sucks sap, speckling
  15. 15Corn Rootworm (western)Attacks the roots and silks
    Chewing, plants lodge, destroy silks, poor pollination
  16. 16GrasshopperAttacks the leaves
    Chews, ragged leaves
  17. 17European Corn BorerAttacks the stem
    Tunnels, shot hole leaves
  18. 18What are mycotoxins and what are they produced byPoisons produced by fungi
  19. 19How can you reduce the risk of mycotoxins in cornAvoid continuous corn, balanced fertility
    Not to follow wheat fields infected by Fusarium scab
  20. 20What is the formula used to estimate yield(No. rows/ear) * (No. Kernels/row) * (No. ears in a (1/1000 ac) * 0.01116
  21. 21You have scouted a corn field that has 30”rows and found an average of 24 ears in 1/1000 acre. The average for those ears is 16 rows of kernels and 40 kernels/row. What is the estimated yield in bushels/acre?16 * 40 * 24 * 0.01116 = 171 bu/A
  22. 22Defoliation is most critical at what stageVT
  23. 23Leaf symptoms a. Phosphorus (P2O5)reddish-purple in young leaves
  24. 24Leaf Symptoms b. Potassium (K2O)Yellowing along tip and edges
    lower leaves
  25. 25Leaf Symptoms c. Nitrogen (N)Yellowing starts at tip and moves along midrib
  26. 26Leaf symptoms d. Droughtrolled leaves
    grayish green
  27. 27Determinate Soybeanall veg growth before flowering
    all flowers open same time
    seed matures same time
    terminal leaf same size
  28. 28Indeterminate SoybeanVeg growth continues
    flowering continues
    seed maturity varies
    terminal leaf smaller
  29. 29is indeterminate or determinate morst common in the Corn BeltIndeterminate
  30. 30Which environmental factor has the strongest influence on vegetative growth at early stages in soybeantemperature
  31. 31Planting soybean is not advised until the soil temperature is what55 Degree Fahrenheit
  32. 32What part of the soybean seedling pushes the seedling to the soil surfaceHypocotyl
  33. 33What V stage is designated for the first trifoliate leafV1
  34. 34What kinds of soil and environmental conditions require inoculating soybean seed each year that soybean is planted?No soybean history
    sandy soil
    flooded
    poor drainage
  35. 35At what V stage do soybean roots become infected with the bacterium that fixes nitrogenVE-V2 (early)
  36. 36What environmental factor has a role on initiation of floweringDay length
  37. 37What percentage of soybean flowers abort and never produce pods that contribute to grain yield60-75%
  38. 38What is the physiological basis for why corn can produce more yield than soybean?Corn is more efficient in photosynthesis; C4 plant pathway
    Soybean is less efficient; C3 plant. recycles some products in the process
  39. 39What characteristics can be used to differentiate between R1 and R2 in soybeanR1: flower at 3rd and 6th node
    R2: flowers open at one of top 2 nodes that have a full leaf
  40. 40What pod characteristic is used to differentiate the R7 and R8 stages in soybeanR7: 1 pod on main stem is mature in color
    R8: 95% pods are mature color
  41. 41How many days from planting soybean to seedling emergencenormally 5-9
    but cold wet soil can delay
  42. 42soybean roots may reach 3 feet in depth by this stageV6
  43. 43Soybean root growth stops at this stageR7
  44. 44Nitrogen-fixing bacteria infect roots at this stageV1 early
  45. 45Maximum dry weight growth for developing soybean seed at this stageR5-R6
  46. 46Describe the symptom for soybean rustRust pustules on leaf surface
    spread by spores
  47. 47Soybean rust is native to what continentAsia
  48. 48When and how did soybean rust get to North America2004 wind blown storms
  49. 49What prevents soybean rust from surviving in South DakotaFreezing kill vegetation
  50. 50Soybean rust is caused by what kind of organismFungus
    Bacteria
    Virus
  51. 51What other species of plants can soybean rust grow onPeas, beans, clover
  52. 52What growth stages of the soybean plant are most vulnerable to loss from soybean rust infection?R1-R6
  53. 53If a Group I variety reaches (R1) flowering 50 days after emergence in eastern South Dakota, when would we expect a Group II variety to reach flowering?50 days
  54. 54What are sentinel plots and how are they useful for preventing the spread of soybean rust?Field plots
    take leaf samples
  55. 55Which country are bean leaf beetles native toUS
  56. 56Which parts of the soybean plant do bean leaf beetles feed onleaves
    pods
  57. 57At what plant growth stages is feeding by the bean leaf beetle generally most detrimental to soybean yield?podding to fill (R3-R6)
  58. 58How do bean leaf beetles survive winters in South Dakotasoil litter
    shelterbelts
  59. 59Describe the soybean aphidpale yellow/green cornicles (tail pipes) abdomen
  60. 60soybean aphid is native to?Asia
  61. 61when was the soybean aphid introduced into the USWisconsin 2000
    SD 2001
  62. 62Soybean aphid overwinters in the ___ growth stage found on ___ plantsegg
    buckthorn
  63. 63What are the symptoms of soybean aphid feeding on soybean leaves?Sucks sap, yellowing, stunting, cupping, wilting, sticky, sooty-like
  64. 64Risk of yield loss from soybean aphid is usually greatest between __ and __ growth stagesR1 and R5
  65. 65The presence of large numbers of what other insects in a soybean field is an indicator of the presence of the soybean aphid?Ants and Asian lady beetles
  66. 66What type of spring wheat is grown in the dakotasHard red
  67. 67How much of a decrease in yield would you expect if you planted spring wheat on May 18 in South Dakota8 bu (1 bu/day after may 10)
  68. 68Seeding rate for spring wheat is ___ seeds/square foot or ___ bu/ac28
    1.2-1.5
  69. 69what problem in wheat can result from planting into corn stubblehead blight (scab) fungus (fusarium)
  70. 70Describe the adult aphidsmall, pale green, dark green stripe on back
  71. 71what insect vector transmits the wheat streak mosaic viruswheat curl mite spreads the virus
  72. 72how do aphids feedpiercing mouth parts
    inject toxins
  73. 73what species of insect is a valuable natural enemy and biological control of aphidslady bird beetle
  74. 74what types of climatic conditions tend to help control grasshopper infestationcool, wet
  75. 75when do grasshoppers generally hatchlate june through august
  76. 76Field borders and roadsides are primary hatching beds. What is the threshold population of grasshoppers, above which insecticides are recommendedfield areas: 8 or more per square yard
    field borders: 20 or more per square yard
  77. 77Leaf rust a. organs attackedwheat leaves
  78. 78Leaf Rust b. symptomsoval, orange yellow pustules
  79. 79Stem Rust a. organs attackedleaves
    stems
  80. 80Stem rust b. symptomsbrick red pustules with ragged edges
  81. 81Describe the tan spot symptomsyellow/ tan lesions (blotches) (necrotic spots
    lower leaves
    starts small then enlarge
  82. 82tan spot overwinters on whatcrop residue
  83. 83what kind of weather favors development of tan spotcool, wet favors fungus
  84. 84what can be done to control the diseasefungicide, rotation, tillage, resistant varieties
  85. 85Fusarium head scab symptomswhite spikelets or heads
    shriveled seed
    pink to salmon colored spore masses at base of spikelet
  86. 86when does scab infection normally occurat flowering
  87. 87what kinds of tillage and cropping systems favor the development of scabreduced tillage that leaves more residue
  88. 88how can fusarium head scab be controlledcrop rotation, resistant varieties, fungicides
  89. 89wheat streak mosaic virus symptomslong yellow streaks from leaf tips
  90. 90to control wheat streak mosaic in spring wheat, destroy all the __ in the surrounding areavolunteer wheat
  91. 91what is autotoxicitytoxins produced by established alfalfa plant that affect new seedling growth
  92. 92what effects do auto toxic compounds have on alfalfa seedlingsreduces seedling roots
    swells root tips
    reduces root hairs: the plant will take up less water and nutrients
  93. 93higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems a. top growthheavy topgrowth
  94. 94higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems b. disease resistant varietysusceptible
  95. 95higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems c. precipitationdry condition
  96. 96higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems d. soil typeclay
  97. 97higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems e. tillagenone
  98. 98higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems f. age of stand1 yr
  99. 99What kind of forage crop could be successfully interseeded into a 3-year old stand of alfalfa when autotoxicity is likelygrass
    red clover
  100. 100In areas where acid soils limit alfalfa production, lime should be applied in amounts sufficient to raise the soil pH to6.7-6.9
  101. 101which important soil nutrients have sharp reductions in availability at soil pH below 6Ca
    Mg
    P
    Mo
  102. 102under what conditions is a companion crop sometimes recommended to be seeded with alfalfalight erodible soil
    weedy field if no herbicide was used
  103. 103what are some good companion cropsoats- stiff straw variety
    Ryegrass
  104. 104When should the companion crop-alfalfa mixture be harvested to reduce the chance of smothering the alfalfa crop and provide high quality companion crop forage?Harvest at Boot Stage
  105. 105Deficiency symptoms on leaves of alfalfa a. nitrogenlight green to yellow color
  106. 106Deficiency symptoms on leaves of alfalfa b. phosphorusreddish, purple, dark
  107. 107Deficiency symptoms on leaves of alfalfa c. potassiumwhite flecking
  108. 108What common weed is commonly found in SD, MN, and Ia that has a serious negative impact on the forage quality of alfalfafoxtails and curly dock
  109. 109Bacterial Wilt Symptomsstunted plants in 2-5 year old stands
    discolored root
  110. 110Spring black stem symptomssmall dark sports lower leaves and stems
  111. 111Phytophthora root rot symptomsplants wilt, die, lesions on roots, rotted tap root
  112. 112Common leaf spot symptomssmall, dark, brown/black spots
    <0.1 inch, leaves yellow, drop
  113. 113Alfalfa weevilSkeletonized leaves; grayish-brown colored stands
  114. 114Aphidssucks juice from leaves
    yellowing, stunting wilt in hot weather
  115. 115potato leafhopperyellow, wedge shape at leaf tip
    2nd cutting more risk
  116. 116Which crop stage should alfalfa be harvested if the goal is only to harvest highest quality hayPre bud (vegetative)
  117. 117what is the recommended fall management when the crop has been harvested at 30-day intervals throughout the growing seasonavoid harvest 6 weeks before a killing frost (Sept 1-Oct 15)
  118. 118Which harvest method has the highest field loss associated with harvestingfield cured hay
  119. 119what factors contribute to the higher field lossmore risk from rain
    leaf loss
  120. 120how do the following affects production or quality a. harvest at pre bud stage instead of full flowerhigher quality, less yield
  121. 121How do the following affect production or quality b. repeated close harvest intervals at 28 days instead of 36 daysweakened stand
  122. 122How do the following affect production or quality C. rain on cut hay before it is baledlower feed value
    less palatable
  123. 123How do the following affect production or quality d. late spring killing freeze when alfalfa is 8 inches tallweakened plants
    stand loss
  124. 124How do the following affect production or quality e. flooding for several dayskills plants
  125. 125How do the following affect production or quality f. cutting at full flower rather than late budlower digestibility
  126. 126The acid detergent fiber (ADF) fraction of a forage includeslignin
    cellulose
    pectin
    ash
  127. 127The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fraction of forage includes the ADF fraction plushemicellulose
  128. 128what percent of the seed of roundup ready alfalfa is tolerant to glyphosate90%
  129. 129What are the characteristics of fatty acid component in NuSun sunflower that make it desirable for food processorshigh smoke temp
    stable over time
  130. 130which pulse crop is used as a protein supplement or planted with oats as a silage croppeas
  131. 131list 5 advantaged of cover crops in a cropping systemsoil cover
    holds soil moisture
    improves soil biological activity
    keeps soil biological activity
    grazing
  132. 132how are using a chisel plow vs an alfalfa crop in the system similaropens channels deep into soil profile
  133. 133how are using a chisel plow vs an alfalfa crop in the system differentalfalfa legume: no energy and covers soil
  134. 134which cover crop provides the most plant diversity if planted in late summer after wheat harvest in a field to be planted to cornradish
  135. 135which cover crop provides the most plant diversity if planted after soybeans in a soybean/corn rotationwinter rye
  136. 136which tillage implement covers the most crop residuemoldboard plow
  137. 137which two implements are used after crop emergencerow cultivator
    rotary hoe
  138. 138which tillage operation has the highest cost/Amold board plow
  139. 139list reasons for using tillage in systems where tillage is usedweed control
    manage residues
  140. 140list advantages for reduced/no-till systems where reduced tillage is practivedless labor, fuel, machine expense
    reduce wind and water erosion
  141. 141Why does a chisel plow work best in the fall rather than in the springmust lift and shatter soil to function
  142. 142___ is growing a single crop within a field during the growing seasonmonoculture
  143. 143___ refers to all the species of living organisms in an agroecosystembiodiversity
  144. 144the plow that is used in primary tillage operations that creates the most soil disturbance by inverting the soil is the ___ plowmold board
  145. 145___ is the science (and art) of soil management and crop productionagronomy
  146. 146the most troublesome and hard to control weeds are the ____ weedsPerennial
  147. 147When cover crops are plowed under, they are referred to asgreen manure
  148. 148soybeans are known to leave ____ residuefragile
  149. 149the primary tillage implement that conserve the moisture the most is the ___ plowchisel
  150. 150a wheat spikelet contains generally 2-5florets
  151. 151the caryopsis in the floret is surrounded by the ____ and ____lemma and palea
  152. 152the flowering stage is followed by the ____ stageripening
  153. 153the most popular scale of identifying wheat growth stages is thefeekes scale
  154. 154once the first node of stem is visible at the base of the shoot, then that could be considered the start of stem ___ stageextension
  155. 155the inflorescence on a wheat plant is a ____spike
  156. 156a wheat spikelet contains two ___ at the basefloret
  157. 157the last stage in the ____ stage is reached once all heads (spikes) are out of their sheathsheading
  158. 158the lemmas of florets may or may not have ____awns
  159. 159wheat plants normally produce 2-3 ____tillers
  160. 160the complex protein responsible for the cohesive properties in wheat flour is ___gluten
  161. 161___ ___ is planted in early fall and matures the following summerwinter wheat
  162. 162the part of the kernel that is the major constituent of white flour is ___endosperm
  163. 163durum wheat is used mainly forpasta
  164. 164the wheat that does not require vernalization can be planted in the ___spring
  165. 165that part of the kernel that is a constituent of whole grain flour isgerm
  166. 166winter wheat must go through ____ to induce floweringvernalization
  167. 167durum wheat is also calledmacaroni wheat
  168. 168white winter wheat is suitable for makingtortillas
  169. 169winter wheat plants can withstand the low temperatures of winter by being in adormant state

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undergrad Crop Production Lab Karteikarten am Crop Production Lab, erstellt von ashlynn Smith am 18/04/2024.
Erstellt von
ashlynn Smith
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