Karteikarten
ENVS 444 Final Exam
Karten in diesem Stapel (66)
- 1Ecosystem Management (4)ecological integrity,
approach to maintaining composition/structure/function long term,
collaborative vision of desired future with multiple perspectives,
managed human behaviour and decision making - 2learning (3)Traditional,
trial and error,
sci experiment - 3management approaches (3,2)Static (constant, simple to enforce, relaxed),
reactive (deal with when arise, allows new info, not proactive),
adaptive (Passive-have plan and add when needed, and Active-learn, see whats happened) - 4adaptive management (4)sci approach when dont know much but need action,
design/manage/monitor to learn/ adapt,
avoid making mistakes twice,
adopt effective strategies and best results,
objective/ design/ implement/ monitor/ analyze+eval/ adapt - 5Adaptive Management Barriers (7, 4)lack clear objectives,
lack funding,
docs on eco responses rare,
lack training/staff,
lack accountability,
monitoring seen as waste of resources,
external factors (ecological, institutional, trends, socioecon conditions) - 6monitoring types (2)crude- already being done, tweak,
citizen- volunteers, decrease cost, increase engagement, reliability issues - 7Network planning process (4)ID conservation targets,
inventory of targets and threats,
set conservation goals,
design network - 8Zonal Approach (4)mapping of attributes into areas:
biogeog patterns or
ecological patterns,
ecoregions not static (hard to apply) - 9Azonal Approach (3)ID set of disconnected places,
considers important areas and impacts,
hotspots (important functions, target first) - 10Reasons for Protection (7)sacred sites,
resource protection,
state representations,
natural monuments,
sanctuaries,
national representations,
community conservation - 11IUCN categories (7)strict nature reserves,
wilderness areas,
national parks,
natural monument/feature,
habitat/species management area,
protected land/seascape,
protected with sustainable use of natural resources - 12Obstacles to Protection (5)Paper parks,
money,
limited economic benefits,
impact from adjacent areas,
displacement (consider cooperation) - 13GRCA (5)watershed based management/planning,
services and programs to protect and manage water and natural resources,
decrease flood damage,
water supply and quality,
education and outdoor rec, - 14GRCA: Snyders Flats (4)floodplain reconnected to natural habitat,
restoration plan with gravel extraction,
cool water habitat (veg finger to decrease mixing),
ongoing public engagement - 15Ontario Parks (6- challenges)stewardship challenge (dont have resources, cant find people, decreased visitation),
reconciliation,
native parks not linked to natives,
co management,
accessibility and costs,
urban people dont learn to care and change lifestyle - 16Enviro Commissioner of Ontario (3 rights, act-3)right to: notice/comment/appeal, request reviews, pursue court action,
annual and special reports,
Parks Provincial Act (didnt reflect enviro realities/planning/sci, often dont have $ to fix, have to have visitors to meet costs) - 17RARE Approach (9)exists for conservation,
offers community natural area with protection/edu/research,
not one size fits all,
public responsibility and engagement,
management plans for whats acceptable,
invasive species management,
ID priority lands,
Action Plans,
development pressures - 18land trust vs conservation easementsland trust- land acquisition for preservation, non profit, do it yourself conservation, donations,
conservation easements- agreement btwn conservation org and land owner with restrictions/allowances regarding land use - 19fisheries (4 terms)overharvest- exceeds production capacity,
max sustainable yield- largest harvest that can be replenished (limit),
sequential depletion- when one species overharvested another is subsituted,
catch per unit effort- scaled measure, - 20Tragedy of the Commons and UN (2)free for all with no though of future/consequences,
UN convention on the law of the sea- exclusive economic zones to address (370 km from coast) - 21MPAs (5, 5 features)cultural factor,
small traditionally managed tend to be more sustainable,
zonal approach suggested,
doesnt address overfishing,
suggest everything outside EEZ be MPA,
5 features: no take zones, enforcement, establishment, size, isolation, - 22freshwater environments (2, 3 activities, solution 4 advantages)about meeting human needs and protecting biodiversity,
threats to both human and bio,
3 major activities (excessive water withdrawal, altered flow, pollution),
solution is PA (increase efficiency, decrease pollution, restore flow, econ value) - 23Mountain Environments (6)isolated/inaccessible/Pristine PA,
poor soils for agri and get eroded,
tourism magnet (revenue),
freshwater for 50% humanity,
key for biodiversity,
climate influencers - 24Island biogeography (3)study of species composition and richness in islands to fragmented habitat,
connectivity through corridors,
equilibrium theory (balance btwn colonization and extinction),
richness increases with size and decreases with distance - 25Minimum viable population (2, 5 terms)declining pop (causes) and small pop (dynamics),
smallest # of indivs required to provide a specified probability of persistence over a given period of time,
fitness (ability to pass on genes),
effective pop size (small portion of pop that mates),
population viability analysis (calc of variability of a single pop),
min viable area,
incidence function (probability that occurrence relates to size of patch) - 26Metapopulation dynamics (2, 4 models, 5 shortcomings of models)collection of spatially separated subpops that interact,
semi independent with connectivity,
4 models (classical, mainland island, patchy, non equilibrium),
shortcomings (data demanding, single species, assumes no distance effect, assumes equilibrium, simplistic) - 27fragmentation (4)reduction of habitat,
increased isolation of remaining,
SLOSS depends on goal,
nested- patterns of species compositions within isolated + most species diverse in one area - 28edge effects (2, 3 zones)richness higher in edge (generalists),
impact produced by differences in enviro and biotic conditions btwn edge and interior,
zones: core, buffer, development - 29corridors (3, 5 advantages, 5 disadvantages)allow species to mix and colonize areas,
influenced by edge effects,
use increases over time,
advantages (immigration, foraging area, mix habitats, refuge, limits to urban sprawl),
disadvantages (immigration, fire, exposure, outbreeding depression, costs, conflicts) - 30Metapop models (without equations) (5)used to explain complexities or predict subpops,
patch level,
colonization depends on fractions of empty patches,
gives threshold for habitat health,
use to examine how PA status and management influence species range and expansion - 31Multivariate analysis (4, 6 assumptions)multiple variables to examine data relationships,
predict, explain, structure (how relate),
for complexity/ reality/ holistic,
type 1 error control (false positive),
assumes: (independence of observations, variance within a range, variables dont relate, linear, no sig outliers, normal distribution) - 32Multiple Regression (3)what linear combo if independent variables best predict a dependent variable,
determines fit of model and relative contributions of each predictor,
predicting site invadedness and funding based on PA characteristics - 33MANOVA (3)examines the relationship btwn 2+ dependent variables and 2+ categorical indep variables,
can give a measure of sig diffs within model but dont know where,
need post hoc test to find where - 34Cluster Analysis (5)searches for patterns in data to group observations,
measures proximity btwn observations,
partitioning (start with cluster centre),
hierarchical (start with # of clusters = observations and cluster until too wide),
use to address impacts/ interpretation/ marketing - 35Factor Analysis (4)values of observed data expressed as functions of a # of possible causes to determine the most important (finding cause),
goal to use smallest # of factors to explain variance,
start with same number of categories as variables (most to least variance),
subjective - 36hybrid ecosystemsome native, some invasive,
composition still basically the same - 37novel ecosystems (3, 4 changes)humans and nature, urban,
differ in composition from present and past systems bc human interaction and enviro change,
land conversion/ species intro/ soil modifications/ cc,
still functions with positive feedback - 38modern socioecological management (4)open,
complex,
influenced by human activity,
nature doesnt take care of itself - 39management barriers (4)inventory and understanding of encroachment impacts,
rec impacts,
informal trails,
invasive species - 40novel urban ecosystems (4)not all invasives are bad,
can provide conservation value,
enhance resilience when face change,
humans altering earth and we need to accept/ understand/ adapt to that - 41Natural Conservancy of Canada (3)protect habitat and wildlife through land donations, purchases and easements,
focus in areas with rare species and habitats,
ontario has a mass stewardship effort - 42NCC: Carden Alvar Natural Area (4)bedrock close to surface in south,
harsh enviro,
used to be open habitat maintained by wildlife but has turned woody,
early detection/rapid response for problematic invasives,
invasives, agg extraction, livestock ranching - 43Endangered Species: Redlist (3, 8 categories)provides info and analysis on status/ trends/ threats to species,
establishes baseline/ global context/ monitoring,
categories (extinct, extinct in wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concern, data deficit),
based on abundance/ area/ range/ change of extinction - 44Endangered species: estimating pop size (8)no long term monitoring,
only 1/4 red list estimated,
expensive,
time consuming,
sci challenging,
reliance on sampling,
assume abundance relates to pop size,
sampling (transects, mark and recapture) - 45mark and recapture (what it is and 7 assumptions)catch and mark (m), catch after time (r), and use to estimate pop size (N=ms/r),
assumes (no effect on survival, no effect on probability of recapture, mixing, captured are rep pop, pop closed and stable, marks not lost) - 46non invasive techniques (4)photography,
aerial surveys (large animals),
genetic analysis,
non sight methods - 47reintroduction (3 types)ecological restoration,
rewilding,
deextinction - 48rewilding (what is, why, 5 criticisms)mass restoration of trophic functions,
niches not refilled after large creatures disappeared,
criticisms (intros disasterous, poor knowledge of past, investment, requires big creatures, strong social barriers to predator intros) - 49de extinction (3, 5 constraints)release of indivs from captivity,
some species bred in captivity for rerelease,
banking genetic material for right time/habitat,
constraints (original cause of decline, lack learned behaviour, knowledge gaps, small pops, genetic diversity) - 50ecosystem services (4)eco processes/functions that provide benefits and value to humans,
need value of nature in decisions/ marketing enviro movement,
function impaired with a loss of biodiversity,
biodiversity linked with resilience - 51Ecosystem Services Categories (3)provisioning (food, water, wood, fuel)
regulating (climate, disease, purification),
cultural (aesthetic, spiritual, edu, rec) - 52Ecosystem Service Valuation (4 terms)willingness to pay (max price indiv will pay to avoid loss of service)
marginal values (how econ value of service changes in result of small supply change)
travel cost method (estimates value using # of people and time/expense associated with the travel),
replacement costs (cost of replacing with human made alternative) - 53Payment of ecosystem services (3)compensates indivs/communities for actions that maintain or increase services,
people who benefit arent necessarily the people who protect,
costa ricas PES program - 54Rouge Valley: RPA report (5 things missing)concluded park was still without fundamental features of success such as:
defined land base, master plan, funded implementation strategy, governance model, articulated park - 55Rouge: park planning (4)National urban park- development in consultation with stakeholders with intentionally large scope,
peoples park,
PC accountable for implementation,
$143.7 mill for first 10yrs, 7.6 mill/yr after - 56Rouge: Key elements (5)new way of thinking (considers health, experience, edu, LT farming),
healthy and resilient landscape (enviro and cultural protection),
emotional and physical connections,
success through collaboration,
transition strategy (day to day management, work with land holders) - 57Rouge Conservation Approach (5)maintain/improve biodiversity, connectivity, ecosystem through active management and ecosystem integration;
corridors, penalties, agri best practices,
address wildlife mortality and movement,
trails that conserve resources,
partnered with TO zoo for headstart program and UW - 58Visitor management (3)ongoing process to reconcile competing needs of visitors, place and host community;
fluid and balance,
hard and soft management - 59hard management (3 types)adapt resource to visitors,
physical (inaccessibility, site hardening, restrict access),
Regulatory (use limit policies, zoning, prohibition and legal enforcement, need explanation, cost of enforcement),
Economic (regulate demand and exclusivity, users pay, price incentives/disincentives, costs, discrimatory pricing) - 60soft management (3, 2 types)adapt visitors to resource,
modify behaviour,
more long term solution,
Marketing (Traditional, demarketing, social),
interpretation - 61Interpretation (3, 4 best practices, 4 criticisms)educate for change,
direct and indirect,
knowledge of issues and actions and action skills,
best practices (curiosity, affective domain, motivation, opportunity),
criticisms (preaching to converted, interfere with experience, msrep, oversimplified) - 62Challenges (3)CC,
Monitoring,
Revitalizing PAs - 63Climate Changenot uniform, uncertainties, shift in events and range,
mitigation (sinks, market, tax, sequestration),
adaptation (resistence, resilience, transformation) - 64Monitoringreasons to: eval success, assess trends, uncover rule breaking;
address cost effectiveness (participatory, info from harvest, when not cost effective) - 65Revitalizing PAsdecrease poaching and illegal wildlife trade,
importance of ecosystem services (corp rep, consumer preferences, concern for humanity),
connecting future gens to nature,
addressing new sci - 66opportunitiesEducate on ecosystem,
increase management and decision making (avail data, tools and models, mainstream biodiversity),
research needs to be more tied to realities (funding, context, connection, pace, timeframe, fashionable conservation, motives, viewpoint diversity, success and failure, etc)
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- Karteikarten am ENVS 444 Final Exam, erstellt von Megan Bender am 27/11/2015.
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- Megan Bender
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