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Karteikarten

Final Exam Review Unit 1

zoellersn Englisch 53 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (53)

  1. 1Dispersion Pattern Clumped (Aggregated)Clumped together by food source or by social interactions or don't move far from where they were born
  2. 2Uniform (Hyper-dispersed)Competition? Negative social interactions?
    EX: The squirrels are very competitive they don't share. They fight over food. They have very negative interactions - they are selfish. EX: Lots of birds in a uniform pattern: sea gulls. If the babies wander they are eaten by the others.
  3. 3Random:Randomly distributed resources and no important interactions?
    EX: Throwing around squirrels they all land either close together or far apart from each other. EX: Random plant growth on a mountain side.
  4. 4Net Reproductive RateSum of total births per age group for all age groups
  5. 5Carrying CapacityMaximum number of individuals that can be supported by the environment
  6. 6SemelparityFavored when adult survival is much lower than juvenile
  7. 7Iteroparity(Seasonal)
  8. 8Iteroparity (Continuous)Favored when adult survival is greater than Juvenile Survival
  9. 9Somatic Functione.g. adult survival and growth
  10. 10Reproductive Functione.g. Making babies, feeding them, protecting them, sending them to college etc.
  11. 11R - Selected Species:• Large Number of offspring
    • Little Parental Care
    • Fast Growth
    • Low Competitive Ability
    • High Mortality Rate
  12. 12K Selected Species:• Fewer Offspring at once
    • Higher Parental Care
    • Slow Growth
    • Higher Competitive Ability
    • Lower Mortality Rate
  13. 13Population Regulating Factors: Density - Independent Regulating Factors:- Effects on birth and death rates independent of population density
    - Often abiotic
    - Ex. Natural Disasters, Unpredictable
  14. 14Density - dependent regulating factors- Effects on birth rates or death rates proportioned to population density
    - Negative feedback of density on population growth rate
    - Often biotic
    - Ex. Diseases, Pathogens, Parasites, Competition (more intense, effect more of the population negatively)
  15. 15Inverse Density - Dependent Factors- Decreased mortality with increased population growth
    - Less percentage of total prey killed if lots of prey and set number of predators
    - This could lead to positive feedback and instability if not limited in scope
    - Ex. Reindeer (Island) or Blue Whales. Best Examples are populations well below carrying capacity (reintroduced, endangered, etc.) ones that it would help to have more of the same species amount
  16. 16Sample:Select a sample from an underlying population
  17. 17Population:A group of one type of species from which samples are taken
  18. 18Exploitation( + , --): predation, parasitism (most common interaction on the planet), parasitoidism, herbivory,
  19. 19Mutulism++
  20. 20Commensalism( + , 0 )
  21. 21Competition( -- , -- )
  22. 22Symbiosis:An interaction in which two organisms have a particularly close association
    Eg. Parasitism, parasitoidism, mutualism, and commensalism
  23. 23Herbivory:Smaller predators do much more damage to plants than bigger animals
  24. 24Cryptic Coloration(Camouflage) color patterns that blend into the background, disrupt the organism's outline thus making it harder to detect. Helps prey "hide in plain sight". EX. Cryptic Coloration: Katydids, moth on tree Figure 57.9: Pygmy Seahorse
  25. 25Aposematic (Warning) colorationBright, contrasting color patterns that make the organism more conspicuous. Usually associated with toxicity, poisonous stings or bites. EX: Poison Dart Frog, Blue Poison Arrow Frog
  26. 26Batesian Mimicrymimicry of appearance and behavior of toxic species by non toxic ones ex. mimicry of Coral snakes by king snakes
  27. 27Mullerian minicryConvergent evolution of appearance and behavior by sevral toxic species ex. Monarch and Viceroy Butterflies
  28. 28"Aggressive" MimicryMimicry of item that attract prey eg. angler fishes, predatory fireflies etc.
  29. 29Parasitoidism:insects that lay eggs on living hosts
  30. 30CoevolutionWhen species are evolving in tandem
  31. 31Allelopathic:producing chemicals to thwart the growth and development of other species.
  32. 32Interference (“contest”) competitioneach species expends energy to actively interfere with competitors to deny them access to scarce resources
  33. 33Resource (also called “exploitative” or “scramble”) competitionspecies completely by locating scarce resources first and using them up as quickly as possible.
  34. 34The Ecological NicheAn organism's 'role' in the community
  35. 35Fundamental Nichethe range of resources theoretically usable by an organism, on the basis of its morphology and physiology.
  36. 36Realized (sometimes called actual) Nichethe range of resources actually used by an organism
  37. 37Competitive Exclusion Principletwo species that depend upon the same limited resource cannot coexist indefinitely
  38. 38Resource Partitioningreduction of resource use overlap by competing species, either by specializing on different habitats or by specializing on different resources themselves.
  39. 39Character displacement:evolutionary divergence in characteristics of two or more competing species, such that each is a better competitor in part of their shared "fundamental niche hyperspace" The intensity of competition between them is thereby reduced. Ex. The beaks of humming birds (Short and Long guilds: eating necter from short or long plants)
  40. 40Community• It is made up of organisms that occupy different niches
    • It includes the various interactions among species we have already examined
    • It has a specific structure - How many species are present in a community, which ones they are, how similar they are to one another, etc.
    • It includes various food webs
  41. 41evapotranspirationa measure of the rate of photosynthesis in plants
  42. 42Net Primary ProductivityMeasure of the bottom of the food chain
  43. 43Primary Successioncommunity change starting from nearly abiotic states - glacier, volcanic activity, strip mining etc.
  44. 44Secondary Successioncommunity change following a major disturbance of a pre existing community - hurricane, fire etc.
  45. 45Ecosystem StructureBiotic and Abiotic components: numbers diversity climate regime, physical features, etc.
  46. 46Ecosystem FunctionEnery Flow (unidirectional) and Nutrient Cycling (always put back into the system to be used again, Return rates vary for each element etc.
  47. 47Ecosystem:The biological community and the physical environment, and their interactions in a defined (though often sizeable) area.
  48. 48Primary Productionenergy captured from an abiotic source: (usually the sun), and stored in chemical bonds (usually in carbs), by organisms (usually green plants) via complex biochemical reactions (usually photosynthesis)
  49. 49Gross Primary ProductivityRate at which energy is captured from an abiotic source by producers. Measured by kJ/m2/yr.
  50. 50Biogeochemical CyclesNitrogen, Water, Phosphorus etc.
    Movement of nutrients between biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Involve biological, chemical, geological, and meteorological phenomena.
  51. 51Eutrophication• Overgrowth of algae due to overabundance of nutrients
    • Water becomes cloudy
    • Algae eventually die and sink
    • Bacteria population boom using algae as food source
    • Bacterial deplete water of oxygen
    • Animal populations decline
  52. 52Nitrification:fixed nitrogen is converted to nitrate by other bacteria
  53. 53Denitrificationreturns nitrogen to atmosphere

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Karteikarten am Final Exam Review Unit 1, erstellt von zoellersn am 10/12/2013.
Erstellt von
zoellersn
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