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Equine forelimb stations

Rachael Jones 2. Musculoskeletal lectures AHS2 Englisch 87 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (87)

  1. 1Where are the majority of lameness cases caused in the horse?In the distal limb (from carpus distally)
  2. 2Where does all the muscular tissue for the forelimb of the horse exist?Proximal to the carpus
  3. 3How do you identify which is the medial side of the metacarpal bone?Where carpal bone 3 sits is the medial side
  4. 4What is the name of the fetlock in the forelimb and hindlimb?Forelimb: Metacarpophalangeal joint
    Hindlimb: Metatarsophalangeal joint
  5. 5What landmark of the scapula is present in dogs but not horses and why?Acromion due to horses not having an acromion head of the deltoideus muslce
  6. 6What limits the ability for the antebrachium to pronate and supinate in horses?Ulna and radius are fused and so cannot move independently
  7. 7How is the shoulder joint normally approached for joint sampling?Craniolateral approach
  8. 8How is the elbow joint normally approached for joint sampling?Caudal or lateral approach
  9. 9Which nerve is the most important for weight bearing walking in a horse and should be avoided when doing an anaesthetic injection?Radial nerve
  10. 10Which aspect of the shoulder and elbow joints does the radial nerve run?Medial to the shoulder and craniomedial to craniolateral in the elbow joint
  11. 11Why does the pectoral girdle have some specific adaptations compared to the carnivore pectoral girdle?Large body weight of the trunk
  12. 12Which muscle of the pectoral girdle shows the most significant difference in structure between dogs and horses?Serratus ventralis has tendinous portions in each segment running the length of the muscle. It helps support the body weight while reducing the muscular effort required.
  13. 13Which muscle is present in horses, but not dogs?Subclavius
  14. 14What is the subclavius functionally similar to?Pectorals
  15. 15What are the 2 main functions of the muscles of the shoulder?1. Provide ability to move the shoulder
    2. Contribute to the stability of the joint
  16. 16What movements is the shoulder joint able to do?Flex and extend
  17. 17What are the lateral and medial muscles of the joint limited to functionally?Lateral and medial support of the joint due to limited ability to adduct or abduct the joint.
  18. 18Which muscles contribute to both shoulder and elbow movement?Triceps brachii (long head)
  19. 19What special features does the biceps brachii muscle have to limit shoulder movement when standing, resting?Internal tendon runs length of muscle from origin to insertion
  20. 20Is the elbow a common source of pain in the horse?No
  21. 21What is the main muscular difference between the dog and horse elbow?Construction of the biceps muscle
  22. 22Name the 2 features of the biceps brachii which separate it from the canine version.1. Internal tendon
    2. Lacertus fibrosus
  23. 23What is and where does lacertus fibrosus insert?Branches off the internal tendon and inserts on the extensor carpi radialis epimysium
  24. 24What is the function of the lacertus fibrosus?Limit lexion of the carpus while there is tension in the biceps
  25. 25Why are the supinator and pronator teres muscles not present in the horse?Radius and ulna are fused and therefore they are vestigal (exisit partially as fibrous bands/ligament structures) due their function not being required
  26. 26If the nerve supplying the biceps brachii was not functioning due to a tumour, would the horse still be able to prevent its shoulder joint from collapsing?Yes because the tendon would still be intact and thus limit the shoulder flexion while weight bearing.
  27. 27Is the innervation to the muscles that control the carpus and joints the same as the dog?Yes
  28. 28Which muscles insert on the accessory carpal bones?Ulnaris lateralis
    Flexor carpi ulnaris
  29. 29What are the structures that guide the path of the tendons distally?Retinaculi
  30. 30What reduces the friction over the joints and bony prominences?Tendon bursae and sheaths helps reduce friction
  31. 31How are the digital extensor tendons different to that of the dogs?Lateral digital extensor tendon inserts on the proximal aspect of P1 in the horse, whereas it combines with the common digital extensor tendon to insert on P3 in the dog
  32. 32What is the interosseous (suspensory ligament) entirely?Tendinous
  33. 33What is the purpose of the extensor branches of the interosseous?To functionally link the tension created on the suspensory ligament when weight bearing with the common/long digital extensor tendon and resist the tendency for he pedal bone to rotate distally with tension on the DDFT.
  34. 34Can you see distinct ligaments medially and laterally in the shoulder joint?The lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments are less distinct thickenings in the shoulder of the horse and the stability relies more on the surrounding musculature than in the dog
  35. 35Does the shoulder joint have multiple separate synovial structures?Yes
  36. 36What is the largest synovial structure in the shoulder region?Scapulohumeral (shoulder) joint
  37. 37Which of these bursae are present and continuous with the shoulder joint in the dog?The biceps bursa
  38. 38Is the elbow joint in the horse stable?Yes very stable
  39. 39What stabilises the elbow joint in the horse?Very stout collateral ligaments and similarly powerful flexor and extensor muscles
  40. 40What part of the ulna does the triceps brachii insert on?Olecranon
  41. 41How many compartments are there to the elbow synovial pouch?1 - large capacious joint which extends cranial and caudal to the condyle and allows joint puncture from the caudal approach
  42. 42Whys is medial coronoid process disease not seen in horses?The coronoid is less significant for weight bearing in horses and the radius and ulna do not move independently and the ulna fuses to and grows with the radius very early in developement.
  43. 43Where do the carpal flexors and extensors all cross?The elbow joint
  44. 44Which level of the joint provides the greatest range of motion?Antebrachiocarpal (90 degrees)
  45. 45What is the difference in carpal bone arrangement in the proximal row of bones, compared to the dog?Has an intermediate
    Intermediate is fused with radial carpal bone in the dog
  46. 46Give the names of the carpal bones from medial to lateral.Radial
    Intermediate
    Accessory
    Ulna
  47. 47Does the distal intercarpal joint communicate with the carpometacarpal joint?Yes although these are separate from ABC joint
  48. 48What is the primary structure resisting hyperextension of the carpal joint?Palmar carpal fibrocartilage
  49. 49What is equivalent to the carpal tunnel in humans?Palmar flexor retinaculum
  50. 50What borders the palmar flexor retinaculum?Palmar fibrocartilage, the accessory carpal bone and the flexor retinaculum
  51. 51What structures run through the carpal flexor retinaculum?DDFT
    SDFT
    Flexor carpi radialis
    Palmar veins, arteries and nerves
  52. 52Where do the nerves that innervate the distal limb sensation originate?Proximal limb
  53. 53What are the nerves called once they exit the tunnel distally?Median and lateral palmar nerves
  54. 54What are the branches that the does the lateral palmar nerve sends off?Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
  55. 55What is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal joint?Fetlock
  56. 56Along with the fetlock what else is a common source of lameness/problems in horses?Proximal palmar sesamoids
  57. 57What is the range of motion for the metacarpophalangeal joint in the horse and why is it a common site for lameness?220 degrees
    High level of strain
  58. 58What movements does the fetlock allow?Flexion and extension only
  59. 59What limits the lateral and medial movement of the fetlock?Stout collateral ligaments
  60. 60Name the structures which contribute to the palmar support of the fetlock joint.1. DDF and SDF and their check ligaments
    2. Suspensory ligament
    3. Proximal sesamoids
    4. Sesamoidean ligaments
  61. 61Apart from supporting the palmar aspect of the fetlock what other important role do the proximal palmar sesamoids play?Provides a surface for the flexor tendons to glide over and spread the force across the whole width of the joint
  62. 62Why is it essential that the proximal palmar sesamoids have several ligaments securing their position in relation to each other and surrounding tissues?Huge forces applied during
  63. 63Where is the needle placed between when placing it into the metacarpophalangeal joint?Lateral collateral ligament and the lateral proximal sesamoid
  64. 64What ligament do you have to place the needle through to reach the metacaprophalangeal joint?T
  65. 65Which neurovascular structures should be considered when placing the needle into the metacarpophalangeal joint?Palmar digital vein/artery/nerve bundle
  66. 66What is required to accurately identify structures using radiography?Orthogonal radiographs
    (2 taken at 90 degrees to each other)
  67. 67Why are oblique view radiographs often used to catch a different tangential view of certain parts of the joint surface prone to subtle lesions?Rounded nature of articular and cortical bone surfaces
  68. 68What is the name of the projection usually called in terms of?The direction of where the beam is travelling from to where it is travelling to.
  69. 69What does the angle usually tell the viewer?How oblique the view was
  70. 70What are the basic orthogonal views take in a horse limb?Dorsopalmar and lateromedial views
  71. 71What would D45(degrees)LPM oblique of the fetlock show?Highlight the lateral sesamoid and dorsomedial aspect of the fetlock joint
  72. 72What would Pr45(degrees)PDiP oblique of the distal interphalangeal joint show?Highlight the navicular bone and the full outline of the P3
  73. 73What would D45(degrees)LPM oblique of the carpus show?Highlight the accessory carpal bone, palmarolaterally and the radial carpal bone dorsomedially
  74. 74What is prone to "splints" in horses that are being worked hard and required to turn corners quickly and/or at high speeds?MC II
  75. 75What can splints cause in horses?Lameness and heat/pain and a palpable swelling
  76. 76Why is MCII more prone to splints than MCIV?The medial splint bone is put under greater stress when changing directions as a horse tends to use the outside limb to turn and thus the medial aspect of the limb is under compressive strain more
  77. 77How could you test if the radiocarpal joint and proximal intercarpal joint communicate joint fluid?Inject one compartment with contrast and radiographs to see if any fluid has leaked out in the other compartments.
  78. 78What are oblique views helpful for in the carpus?Outlining the margins of different carpal bones
  79. 79What are 3 possible causes of injury in the fetlock?1. Stress fractures of the articular surfaces
    2. Sesamoid fractures are possible
    3. Rupture of the sesamoidean ligaments
  80. 80How can you test if there is any penetration into the fetlock joint after injury using radio-oblique contrast?Inject the fetlock joint from the dorsal aspect and fill it with contrast agent and radiograph it to see if any leakage occurs into the wound site
  81. 81If there was contrast between the sesamoids and the MCIII, does this indicate leakage from the fetlock joint?No, as the fetlock has a palmar recess that extends between the proximal sesamoids and the palmar aspect of the distal MCIII
  82. 82What will injury to the SDFT and straight distal sesamoidean ligament which attach to P2 cause to the pastern joint?Instability
  83. 83What other palmar supports are there to the pastern joint?Palmar ligaments of fetlock which further resist hyper-extension
  84. 84Give 4 reasons why the foot might be radiographed.1. Trauma
    2. Suspected laminitis
    3. Lameness evaluation
    4. Routine soundness examinations
  85. 85What additional radiographic aid is used t assess P3's position within the foot on a lateral radiograph?A metalic strip (often a nail) is taped to the dorsal surface of the hoof wall to increase the radio-opacity of the hoof wall margin and help compare the pedal bone's relative position.
  86. 86WDistal interphalangeal joint
  87. 87Having injected into the distal interphalangeal joint, if there was contrast in the navicular bursa would this indicate penetration of into the DIP joint as well?Yes, the DIP and navicular bursa do not usually communicate. Movement of contrast between the two indicates damage to the structures separating them.

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Beschreibung
2. Musculoskeletal lectures AHS2 (Practicals Locomotor) Karteikarten am Equine forelimb stations, erstellt von Rachael Jones am 17/10/2016.
Erstellt von
Rachael Jones · Okt 2016
Aktualisiert
7 Apr 2018
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