Karteikarten
Week #7 & 8
Karten in diesem Stapel (130)
- 1When was the political system democracy in Athens?508, 507-322, 1BCE
- 2Early centuries, it was necessary for Athenian political system to have ___.hierarchy
- 3___ was the originator of democracy in Athens.Solon
- 4What was in Solon's constitution?based on wealth in the form of land ownership
separated citizens into 4 classes; highest was for upper class, but also gave the poor political and judicial power
main objective was the avoid the concentration of land in the hands of the few - 5What did Solon change in his constitution?he made it so the poor could not become a slave based on debts, that one could be extremely poor but not have citizenship taken away
- 6Solons reform created pathway for ___.democracy
- 7Why did solon believe his reforms were necessary?Because there was a population crisis in Athens, the poor were falling into debt and becoming slaves, and there was only a small majority of wealthy
- 8What are the 3 things that influenced Solons reform?1. state should be run by all citizens
2. the status of citizenship is not compatible with the lose of freedom
3. the law guides the actions of the state - 9how does a tyrant rule and get into power?ruled by personal power, and they took control of a city by having the support of a large number of the population
- 10___ conquered Athens, then gave it to his 2 sons ___ and ___.Peisistratos
Hippias
Hipparkhos - 11Hippias was exiled in ___.510 BCE
- 12Why was Kleisthenes famous?reorganized city into administrative units called tribes (Phylia), also introduced a new council that was made up of people from different tribes
- 13Each tribe is located in different areas in the Athenian territory, what are the 3 locations of the tribes?1. the coast
2. the hinderland
3. the city - 14What are the 2 founding principals of Athenian democracy?1. Isonomia - the equal rights of all citizens to exercise their political rights
2. Isegoria - equal right to speak - 15Define Dempkratiathe power of the people, that the whole citizenry is without limitations
- 16What are the 2 meanings of Democracy to Athenians?1. the power of the demos (the people) with no limitations
2. rule of the poor, the non-elite, frequently with a negative meaning, mainly used by critics - 17The Persian debate is by ____.Herodotos
- 18Who were the 3 debaters in the Persian debate?Democracy (otanes)
Oligarchy (Megabyzos)
Monarchy (Dareios) - 19What was Democracies (otanes) argument?other systems give to much power to a single person
democracy gives equality under law, inclusion, social stability, and no civic strife
Officials are answered for what they do - 20What was Oligarchy's (Megabyzos) argument?Doesn't believe the poor should be involved with political because they are not all educated and would not make good or rational decisions
Should let a chosen few of the best among us should be incharge - 21What was Monarchy's (Dareios) argument?Only one person in charge so things are done quickly
Has had success in past with a monarchy system, why not now - 22In the end, the Persian debaters picked ___ as their political system.monarchy
- 23What were Perikles beliefs on democracy?the many instead of the few
equal justice for all - 24____ agreed with perikles, while ___ did not.lower class
upper class - 25We know more of democracy in 4th c. because Athenians took more notes about important decisions in ___.Assembly
- 26What makes the Athenian democracy different from the modern definition of it?Athenians believed that each person should represent self, while ours is the people voting for a representative
- 27Why were there public assembly's?so Athenians as a group could speak and debate about important decisions in Athens.
- 28There were officials in Athens, but there actions were under ___ and their ___ was limited.scrutiny
power - 29___ was open to all active citizens, and they were all expected to attend.The assembly
- 30Citizens were expected to make __ during the assembly through discussion and debates about matters of the state.decisions
- 31Define The council of 500Boule
- 32Who was the council of 500 made up of?citizens over the age of 30, and 50 were chosen from each tribe
- 33How did Athenians persuade the poor to attend the assembly's?by giving them a salary to make up for the lost days work
- 34What was the job of the Boule?To make up the agenda for the Assembly and draft preliminary proposals to be discussed there
- 35The ___ was in charge over the __.Assembly
Council - 36What happened if the assembly didn't want to discuss something?They would either push it to the next assembly date or give it to the council.
- 37Define the standing committeePrutaneis
- 38What was the standing committee?50 councillors from each tribe acted as standing committee for one year
- 39Where did the prutaneis live?in Tholos, in the agora because they had to be on duty 24/7
- 40Define chairmen of the prutaneisEpistates
- 41What is the job of a Epistates?the president of the Assembly for one day, selected at random
- 42Define committee of 10Proedroi
- 43Who and what was the committee of 10?one person picked randomly from each tribe, presided over the meetings of the council and the assembly
- 44Where was the assembly building?beside the Agora, with open columns facing it so people could listen to the proceedings
- 45What was the boule in charge of?Things that didn't have to be for the general public, i.e. supervised financial matters, moderate the misuse of city funds, made contributions to the disabled and people who were wounded in war
- 46Define AssemblyEkklesia
- 47____ over __ attended the assembly's and it exercised their right to make decisions on general matters.Athenians males over 18
- 48What were the 2 kinds of decisions that the Assembly could make?psefismata = Decrees
(applied to one single cause)
Nomoi = general laws
(When something specific happens, the assembly's decision is what you are supposed to do) - 49Define lawmakersNomothetai
- 50The assembly met on ___ hill, and they met ___ times a month.Pnyx
4 - 51The first meeting of every month was used to discuss the most important matters, i.e ___, ___, and ___.defense, grain supply, and continuation of officials in office
- 52What would happen if you did not go to the assembly and you were out in the agora?Then a slave with a red dyed rope would herd people to the pnyx
- 53What did they do to encourage the poor to participate in the assembly?They gave them a salary to make up for the lost days work
- 54What did they begin the day of an assembly meeting with?a sacrifice and a curse on traitors
- 55What was the heralds job in an assembly?he would read the agenda and people would then vote on the things they wanted to discuss, then the herald would ask 'who wishes to speak?'
- 56The assembly could ___, ____ or ____ any of the Boule's proposals.accept, reject, or modify
- 57The poor did not like being ___ into ____ for something during an assembly.tricked
voting - 58What was the expected behaviour of the Athenians during Assembly's?they were expected to be loud and intimidating to any of the speakers. They would shout and interrupt if they did not agree with something
- 59____ were only valued for their information.Experts
- 60What was the Athenians view on experts?They believed that once an expert shared their information, then everyone was an expert. They had equal views of intelligence among citizens.
- 61There were no organized ____ or ____.political parties or politicians
- 62Why would Athenians intentionally not speak during an assembly?If they speak to often during them, others start to not like them because they seem to powerful, best case, the person speak would be ignored, worst case, the person would be ostracized
- 63Define oratorsRhetores
- 64What were the 2 names for the people who could persuade an assembly?Prostates = champion of people
Demagogos = leader of the people - 65Define the officialsArkhontes
- 66What are the names and functions of the 9 Arkhontes?Arkhon eponymous = in charge of family and inheritance matters and state festivals
Arkhon basileus = 'king archon' preside over religious matters
Polemarkhos = 'military commander', military function lost, in charge of Metics and foreigners
6 Thesmothetai = 'givers of judgement' for all other matters - 67What were the 3 reason Athenians elected positions instead of picking the people randomly?1. specialized commanders, had to follow someone into war, it should be someone with experience
2. ten treasures of Athens, deals with the finances of the Delian League, elected had to be educated to deal with city funds
3. the magistrates and the people, deals with reviews and scrutiny of people being placed in important roles - 68Define generalstrategos
- 69Define Ten treasures of AthensHellenotamiai
- 70Define preliminary scrutinyDokimasia
- 71Define audit or reviewEuthunai
- 72How did citizens become magistrates and what is the job of the magistrate?They were randomly picked and they help maintain the law
- 73Define Dokimasiapreliminary scrutiny
- 74Define auditEuthunai
- 75What happened at the end of an officials term?Their financial accounts were submitted to the magistrate and there could be charges or complaints about what they person did during their term
- 76__ of the population would serve in the public system at least once in their life5%
- 77Who were the eleven?order and punishment
300 skythian archers
controlled large groups and brought people to jail - 78Define astunomoistreets and highways
- 79Define marketsagoranomoi
- 80Define metronomoiweights and measures
- 81Define secretaries to the boule and the ekklesiaGrammeties
- 82Define keruxHerald
- 83What were the authoritive powers of heralds?hand and voice of city
had no decisional power
sent to other cities to give messages - 84Define elder and what their job waspresbeus
sent to cities where they had connections to negotiate - 85What was the job of the areopagus council?Law court for the most serious offences
i.e. arson, homicide and some forms of sacrilege - 86The first written law was against ____.homicide
- 87Why did the gods hate homicide?because it would cause 2 families to hate eachother which could evolve into breaking the city apart
- 88Jury's always have to be a ___ number.odd
- 89Define jury courtseliaia
- 90Define dikastaijurors
- 91Jurors got a ___ to show they were jurorsidentity ticket
- 92What were the qualifications of a juror?over the age of 30, serve for one year and were selected by lot
- 93Define lawsuitdike
- 94Define graphepublic suit
- 95Define public indictment concerning illegal proposals in assemblygraphe paranomon
- 96What were the stages of procedure when charging someone?prosecutor issue oral summons in front of witnesses to appear before the specific board
written statement presented and the magistrate either accepted or dismissed it
if accepted a preliminary hearing was scheduled, down payment was made and a copy of the charge was put in the agora
at hearing defendant would read his written reply
next was either a public arbitration or trial - 97who was the arbritrator?citizen in 60, chosen by lot
his judgement had to be approved by both parties - 98Define allotment machinekleroterion
- 99How did a Kleroterion work?Jury would put their identity tickets in the little slots
separated by tribe
black and white stones were strung beside each row
all the rows beside the black stone would be eliminated and they could go home for the day
The opposite for the white stone - 100There were no ___, no ___, no____, and no ____.judges, lawyers, state prosecutors, investigative police
- 101How were the prosecution and defendant speeches timed?with a water clock
- 102Trial speeches had to be __, ___, and ___.fast, straight forward and persuasive
- 103Expected to ___ in court because citizens were meant to help their friends and had enemieslie
- 104What were jurors meant to do?Not to restore justice, but to figure out the best course of action when 2 citizens were quarelling
- 105How did jury come to a decision and what happened after?Did not have a discussion, each juror chose side them put their ballot on a box
after jury's verdict each side had to propose what they believed was a suitable punishment for the loser - 106What are the 5 Athenian penalties that affect a person?death, loss of rights, exile, enslavement (non Athenians), prison (not a regular penalty)
- 107Why didn't Athenians normally put someone on prison? What was the only exception?Because it wasn't seen as a limitation of person freedom, but of giving the prisoner free food and shelter
Only exception was to put someone in jail so they wouldn't leave the country - 108What is the story of Socrates?Charged with corrupting youth and introducing new gods, penalty is death
detained in state prison until his trial and allowed to commit suicide when found guilty because usual course of execution was seen as very dishonourable; the plank, strapped to a wooden plank in public and not allowed to eat or drink, stay there till he died - 109Regular form of penalty was having ____ ___ and ___property seized and put up for auction
- 110In the Athenian justice system, citizen could __ anyone, very little ___ so easy to understand, can ___ law in anyway(good or bad).sue
technicalities
interpret - 111Define atimiadeprivation of honour
- 112Atimia was the equivalent of ___.exile
- 113Atimia was a form of ___: which meant the loss of political rights, and banishment from sanctuaries and the agora but not the risk of deathcivic death
- 114The penalty that was just under the death penalty was losing _____.right to vote in the next election
- 115What did Athenians have to pay tax on?harbour market fees, taxes on metics, occasional taxes on citizen property. Rents from mining, concessions and other leases, fines, salarys of officials, salary for attending the assembly and the boule, salray for jurors, public slaves, army and navy, public festivals
- 116What were the wealthy expected to do since they did not pay taxes?litgury, wealthy happy to do them to increase their prestige and public reputation
- 117What were the two kinds of litguries?trierarchy = an upper class citizen is appointed as a trierarch for 1 year and appointed to a warship, whihc he had to command and keep in good order
Festival litguries = financing and traing of teams competeing at festival contests, many jobs, most important was the khoregia which is a collection of chorus tragedies, comedies, and dityrambs - 118Lysias gave ___ talents to show his generosity.10 1/2 = 6M
- 119How would a citizen avoid an unwanted litgury?By challenging someone richer in court to either take the litgury or to exchange property
- 120Define propertyEispgora
- 121define summoriaitax syndicates
for regular and efficent payment of tax - 122Where did athens look for importation of grain?northern greece
sicily
egypt
black sea - 123define grain inspectorssitophulakes
- 124Why was Leukon, ruler of kimmerian Bosphoros granted an honourary citizenship in Athens?because he exported lots of grain to Athens
- 125The battle of Marathon was in ____ The battle of salamis was in ____ The battle of plataea was in ____490 BCE
480 BCE
479 BCE - 126___ is the leader of the Delian League.Athens
- 127Allies would make contributions of ____ to the delian leagueships and/or money
- 128Define phoroscash tribute
- 129Define cleruchs, those who remained athenian citizenskleroukhoi
- 130Define Apoiloicolonists, those who lost their original citizenship and created a new community
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- Greek civilization Karteikarten am Week #7 & 8, erstellt von Neve Scullino am 27/10/2016.
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- Neve Scullino
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