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Adolescent Development - (Midterm Study Flashcards)
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- 1When does adolescence truly start?Adolescence starts during the stage of puberty.
- 2What is the definition of adolescence? (FGA - IFT)Adolescence is the time where youth start their personal development either by…
- figuring out who they are and creating their identity
- gaining self-worth
- adapting to their changed body image
- improving their intellectual thinking capabilities
- following society’s demand for behavioural maturity
- transitioning to their adult roles - 3What is the definition of puberty?It is the...
biological
psychological
physiological
changes caused by chemical messages that tells the body to grow and become physically and sexually mature - 4When does the average stage of puberty start for boys?11 years of age, peaking at 13.5 years
- 5When does the average stage of puberty start for girls?9 years of age, peaking at 11.5 years
- 6What is the endocrine system?The endocrine system basically has these major glands in certain parts of the male and female body. The glands release a chemical, which is hormones, into the bloodstream and that affects the development and functioning of the bodies of both genders.
- 7What is Asynchronicity?It means uneven growth in different parts of the body.
- 8Prior to puberty, boys and girls are very similiar in body mass (ie: fat). True or False?TRUE!
- 9During puberty, body fat increases more for boys than for girls. True or False?FALSE! Body fat increases more for girls than for boys.
- 10What are the primary sex characteristics for boys?The production and development of sperm
- 11What are the primary sex characteristics for girls?The production and development of eggs
- 12What are the secondary sex characteristics for boys?Hair growth in pubic areas, underneath arms, chest, face, shoulders, and back
Skin becomes rougher
Sweat glands increase production - 13What are the secondary sex characteristics for girls?Hair growth in pubic areas, underneath arms, and a slight amount of facial hair
Skin becomes rougher
Sweat glands increase production
Slight enlargement of breasts known as breast buds - 14In teen years, changes in brain direct the sleep / wake cycle. What is this called?Circadian Rhythm
- 15Adolescents generally need more sleep than adults and children. Why is that the case?Because a lot of growth occurring. The body and mind need sleep in order to develop but teenagers usually don't get enough sleep for various reasons.
- 16Name 5 concequences if an adolescent does not get enough sleepMental Health
Issues with learning and behavior
Substance use and abuse
Higher risk of obesity
Dependence on sleep medications - 17What is formal operation in Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development? What age does this stage begin?This stage begins around 11 - 15+
Allows adolescents to reason about more complex tasks and problems involving multiple variables.
FOR EXAMPLE: Teenagers are able to make out a likely outcome in the head without experiencing it. The difference with kids is having to actually experience the outcome in order to understand. - 18What are the 3 characteristics of formal operation thought?Abstract, Idealistic, & Logical
- 19What is megacogition? And what does this have to do with adolescence?Megacognition is thinking about your thinking. (Basically understanding how your mind works) Adolescents are able to question the “rules” or not believe automatically what they hear and rather think for themselves.
- 20What is Adolescent egocentrism?Adolescents’ ability to reflect on their own thoughts. They start to think more about themselves.
- 21What is Imaginary Audience? (Something that happens with me sometimes! Think of Mcdonalds and ordering...)Imaginary Audience – more self-conscious and adolescenets start to believe they are being watched by others. (IE: others are judging them on something about them)
- 22What is Personal Fable?Personal Fable – adolescents start to believe they are unique and special. This attention can lead to risk taking behaviours.
Examples: drinking and driving. trying drugs. unprotected sex. dangerous stunts. no sleep. - 23How does information processing approach view cognitive change in adolescence?It views it as continuous, meaning gradual and steady.
- 24The “computer” basically focuses on 3 skills, which are?Attention, Processing, & Memory
- 25What is social cognition?Social cognition is the term used to describe the way we think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions
- 26Why is social cognition important in adolescence?Because this is where they’re more engaging in social situations as well as more aware of others perspective. They see what others think and feel.
- 27What is perspective taking?The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others.
- 28Cultural beliefs are rooted in symbolic inheritance. What does that term “symbolic inheritance“ mean?Symbolic inheritance are the beliefs, ideas, and understandings about people, society, nature and divinity.
- 29How does symbolic inheritance relate to adolescence?Every adolescent has their own culture. And that culture is learned and socially shared, which can impacts their work ethnics, political views, behaviour, and so on.
BASICALLY... norms and moral standards that arise from these beliefs, ideas, and understandings - 30What is socialization?Socialization is the process by which people obtain the behaviors and beliefs of their culture
- 31Define Self-regulationSelf-regulation is learning how to manage behaviours, thoughts, and emotions.
Examples include: different persona, different approach when interacting - 32Define Role PreparationAn outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood.
Example: Parents saying daughter needs to know how to cook at a certain age, which is basically getting ready for her “role“. - 33Define cultivation of sources of meaningIt means that adolescences are more capable to understand abstract concepts, which provides them guidence and direction.
- 34Some cultures have different approaches on how they want individuals to think and behave. What are the two different kinds of cultural values?Individualism and Collectivism
- 35What is Individualism?So individualism focuses on independence, broad socialization and self expression.
IE: You are first as opposed to your family and community. Appears to be an authoritative approach - 36What is Collectivism?Whereas, collectivism focuses on obedience, narrow socialization and conformity.
IE: Family and community is first. Appears to be an authoritarian approach - 37Name at eight sources that influence adolescence- Peers & Friends
- School
- Community
- Legal System
- Workplace
- Media
- Family
- Cultural Belief System - 38What are gender roles?The expected role a male or female are suppose to take on based on their cultural beliefs
- 39What are Age Related Roles?Bascially, a role that a male or female when they reach a certain age
For example: Boys reach the age of 13, they go through a ceremony where it results in were they are respected to be adults and participate in certain roles. (Jew culture)
Legally allowed to get married after being 13 years old or even younger in some cultures - 40What is social status?Basically the rank or position of a group within society. For example, low class, middle class or high class
- 41What does gender role, age related role and social status have to do with adolescence?These three components help adolescence think about their identity, and try to figure out who they are and where they stand (sometimes, they decide to make changes if they do not accept their identity)
- 42What did Piaget believe about morlity in adolecence?I have no fucking idea. Ask julia.
- 43What are the 3 levels in Korlberg's Theory of Moral Stages?- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional - 44What is Stage 1 & 2 in Preconventional Level?STAGE 1: Obedience / Punishment
STAGE 2: Individualism and Exchange - 45What is Stage 3 & 4 in Conventional Level?STAGE 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
STAGE 4: Maintaining the Social Order - 46What is Stage 5 & 6 in Postconventional Level?STAGE 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
STAGE 6: Universal Principles - 47What was Joseph Adelson's Theory on political beliefs relating to adolescences?Cognitive mode = shift in political thinking, which is begins at 12 and ends at 16.
Authoritarian Political Systems = It is a sharp decline in support for authortarian political systems
Ideology = a collection of beliefs. Adolescent develop a set of beliefs, which impacts their political belief on how, for example, a country should be runned - 48What is sex? (Not what you think, the other term)Refers to the biological status of being male or female
- 49What is Kohlberg's Theory on Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender around the ages of 12 to 16?Age 12 to o16: Perceptions of gender become not able to be changed or adapted – gender intensification
- 50What is Gender Intensification Hypothesis?Its when an individual conforms to a cultural norm that is prescribed to them, either in a psychological or behavioural kind of way. (IE: intensified socialization)
- 51The intentisy for gender socialization in adolescence is greater for males than females. True or False?FALSE! It is actually more greater for females than males, because studies say that girls have more pressured gender roles to conform too
- 52Name 3 sources of problems in gender socialization- Physical changes
- Dating and forming romantic relationships
- Friends and families will influence how teens express their gender - 53What is Sandra Bem's definition on gender schemas?Gender schemas tend to shape the way we notice, interpret, and remember information according to our expectations about genders
- 54What is Sandra Bem's 2 categories on gender schemas?- We learn to categories activities, objects, personality characteristics as “male” or “female” (For example, colours! Blue and Pink. People relate that to gender sometimes)
- Differential gender socialization is the term for socializating males and females according to different expectations about the attitudes and behaviour approperiate to each gender - 55Define AndrogynyAndrogyny means when an individual has both the traits of what’s considered “masculine” and “feminine” traits
- 56Define Self EsteemRefers to a person’s overall sense of worth and well-being
Example: Youth with low self esteem may show no eye contact, bully others, avoid doing things because they're scared they are going to be judged or even engage in risky behaviour such as self-harm - 57Define Self ConceptRefers to the way a person views and evaluates herself or himself
Example: Transgender views themselves as a girl or boy - 58Define Self ReflectionA willingness to learn more about oneself when they explore and question who they are.
An adolescent self consiousness and self esteem changes sometimes due to self reflection - 59The Self in Adolescence. There are two kinds, and they are...?The Actual Self - “Who I Am“
Possible Selves - “Who I MIGHT Become“ - 60What are the 2 Possibe Selves in Adolescence?Ideal Self - “Who I would like to be”
Feared Self - “Who I dread becoming” - 61What is one of the complicated concepts about ”selves” in adolescence? (You relate to this hajar)One of the complicated concepts about selves is when an adolescent’s personality changes according to who they interact with, but its not as if they are lying about who they are.
For example, I’m shy around strangers, but outgoing with my friends. I also sometimes show a false self to others in the way I think or feel - 62According to Susan Harter, there are 8 domains of adolescent self-image. Name them all! (SSAP JRBC - the acronym)Scholastic Competence
Social Acceptance
Athletic Competence
Physical Appearance
Job Competence
Romantic Appeal
Behavioral Conduct
Close Friendship - 63What are the 2 causes of self esteem?- Feeling accepted & approved by others (IE: Parents, teachers, peers)
- School success (IE: the skill and knowledge of what is important in different areas)
For example: Transportation. Learning how to drive or take the bus is a skill of independance, and that can make an adolescent feel good about themselves - 64How do adolescences develop a healthy identity?Through identity formation, which is established
- 65What is Erik Erikson's Theory about the stage in adolescence? What's the difference between two of these?Identity Achievement vs Role Confusion
Identity Achievement is obtaining a clear sense of who you are and how you fit into the world around you.
Role Confusion is failure to form a stable and secure identity. - 66What is Psychosocial Moratorium?It is when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves.
For example: falling in love, obtaining a job, trying different majors in university - 67The Self - Alone: What is the difference between Social Loneliness and Emotional Loneliness?Social Loneliness is when people feel that they lack a sufficent number of social contacts and relationships while...
Emotional Loneliness is when people feel that the relationships they have lack sufficent closeness and intimacy.
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