Karteikarten
Inflammation 2
Karten in diesem Stapel (85)
- 1Where are neuropeptides released form?Sensory neurones
- 2What do neuropeptides produce?Neurogenic inflammation
- 3Give 2 neuropeptides that activate mast cells.1. Neurokinin A
2. Substance P - 4What is Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)?A potent vasodilator that is a neuropeptide
- 5What 2 functions can the same neurone do in relation to causing inflammation?1. Send signals to the spinal cord causing the release of neurotransmitter
2. Act locally, eg cause vasodilation - 6What are cytokines and where are they released from?Protein or polypeptides produced and released from immune inflammation
- 7What is the most potent substance in the body and what does this mean?Cytokines
Very little is required to cause a response
Sub nanomolar (<1x 10^-9M) - 8How many cytokine exist but how many main sub-groups are there?Over 100 exist
Split into 4 main groups - 9When are cytokines upregulated?During inflammation
- 10What do cytokines do?Act at kinase-linked receptors or GPCRs to coordinate inflammatory response
- 11What are the 4 main groups of cytokines?1. Interlukins
2. Interferons
3. Chemokines
4. Colony Stimulating Factors - 12What are the 2 sub groups of interleukins?1. Pro-inflammatory
2. Anti-inflammatory - 13Give 2 examples of pro-inflammatory interleukins.1. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha
2. Interleukin (IL) -1 family - 14When are pro-inflammatory interleukins released?During inflammation
- 15What is the role of pro-inflammatory interleukins?Stimulate synthesis and release of other cytokines
- 16When are pro-inflammatory interleukins implicated?1. Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Irritable bowel disease - 17Give 4 examples of anti-inflammatory interleukins.1. Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta
2. IL-4
3. IL-10
4. IL-13 - 18What is the function of anti-inflammatory interleukins?Switch off the inflammatory response once the harmful substance has been removed
- 19What makes up the interferons class of cytokines?Several different proteins
- 20Give the 3 most well studied interferons.1. IFN alpha
2. IFN beta
3. IFN gamma - 21Roughly how many proteins make up the IFN alpha family?About 20
- 22When are interferons released?In response to viral infection and other pathogens, activate anti-viral processes
- 23What could be used in the future to treat viral infections?Recombinant interferons
(eg Virbagen Omega- feline immunodeficiency) - 24What do chemokines do?Control migration of leukocytes
Some also have other effects eg mast cell degranulation - 25How many chemokines have been identified?More than 40
- 26How do some viruses exploit the chemokine system?Produce proteins that can mimic chemokines or antagonise their receptors
- 27What process are chemokines involved in?Chemotaxis
- 28Name a virus that exploits the chemokine system by binding to a chemokine receptor.HIV
- 29Where do colony stimulating factors bind to to cause proliferation and differentiation into specific blood cells?Haemopoietic stem cells
- 30Give 3 examples of colony stimulating factors.1. Granulocyte-macrophage CSF
2. Granulocyte CSF
3. Macrophage CSF - 31What are colony stimulating factors used for clinically?Stimulate the production of leukocytes
eg. post chemotherapy - 32What are eicosanoids generated from?Phospholipids
- 33What are the precursors of eicosanoids?20 carbon fatty acids (20C)
- 34What are eicosanoids involved in?Physiological processes
- Major involvement in inflammation - 35What drugs target eicosanoids?NSAIDs
Glucocorticoids - 36What is the enzyme that converts phospholidpids into arachidonic acid?Phospholipase A2
- 37Give 3 categories that arachidonic acid can be converted into.1. Prostaglandins
2. Thromboxanes
3. Leukotrienes - 38What are classed as prostanoids?Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
- 39Give 5 factors that can stimulate phospholipase A2 (PLA2).1. Bradykinin
2. Antigen-antibody binding on mast cells
3. Thrombin
4. Complement C5a
5. Cell damage - 40What is the nomeclature for prostaglandins?PG= prostaglandin
Letter = basic structure
Number = numbr of C=C double bonds - 41Give the 4 main prostaglandins to be aware of.1. PGD2
2. PGE2
3. PGF2alpha
4. PGI2 - 42What is the name of teh enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into PGG2 and PGH2?Cyclooxygenase
- 43What converts PGH2 to PGD2, PGE2, PGF2alpha and PGI2?D
- 44What determines what prostaglandin that is produced?What enzymes that are expressed in the cells
- 45What happens toSpontaneously decays to inactive metabolite within about 5 mins
- 46Why are the prostaglandins metabolised to inactive metabolites within minutes?Restrict inflammation to the local area
- 47As well as prostaglandins what else can be produced from PGH2?Thromboxanes
- 48What form is cyclooxygenaseTwo isoforms - 1 and 2
- 49When is isoform 1 of cyclooxygenase found?Normally in most cells
- 50When is isoform 2 of cyclooxygenase found?Not normally found, expression induced inflammatory factors
- 51What can cause the increase the expression of isoform 2?Cytokines
- 52What are the most important prostaglandins in inflammation?PGE2 and PGI2
- 53What is the affect of PGD2?1. Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
2. Constriction of bronchial muscle
3. Relaxation of GI and uterine muscle - 54What is the effect of PGE2?1. Vasodilation
2. Bronchial dilation
3. Hyperalgesia
4. Produces fever
5. Promotes platelet aggregation
6. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion and increased gastric mucous secretion - 55What effect does PGF2alpha have?1. Vasoconstriction
2. Bronchial constriction
3. Luteolysis in some species
4. Uterus contraction - 56What effect does PGI2 have?1. Vasodilation (potent)
2. Hyperalgesia
3. Inhibit platelet aggregation
4. Modulates kidney function - 57What is the enzymes that converts PGH2 to thromboxane A2?TXA2 synthase
- 58How does thromboxane A2 get converted to thromboxane B2?Spontaneous hydrolysis within 30 seconds
- 59Is thromboxane B2 inactive or active?Inactive
- 60Give 3 functions thromboxane A2 can do.1. Vasoconstriction
2. Broncho constriction
3. Induce platelet aggregation - 61What does the conversion of TXA2 to TXB2 do?Limits the ability of TXA2 to complete its function
- 62What is the name of the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into 5-HPETE?5-lipoxygenase
- 63What does 5-HPETE get converted to?Leukotriene A4
- 64What are the two leukotrienes that leukotriene A4 can be converted to?1. Leukotriene B4
2. Leukotriene C4 - 65What are classed as cysteinyl leukotrienes?Leukotriene (LT) C4
LT D4
LT E4
LT F4 - 66Where are leukotrienes produced?Leukocytes, lung, mast cells and platelets
- 67What are the 2 different receptors for leukotrienes?1. BLT for LTB4
2. CysLT for otehrs - 68What does LTB4 do?Causes activation and targeting of leukocytes and cytokine production
- 69What so the Cysteinyl-LTs do?Cause bronchoconstriction and vasodilation (but coronary vasoconstriction)
- 70Name 2 CystLT receptor antagonists.1. Zafirlukast
2. Montelukast - 71What are zafirlukast and montelukast used for in human medicine?Treating asthma (preventitive not for acute attacks)
- recommended use to complement glucocorticoid or bronchodilator therapy NOT on own - 72As well as arachidonic acid, what else can be made from phospholipids in the plasma membrane?Platelet activating factor
- 73What is the path for the production of platelet activating factor?Acyl-PAF
-enzyme: phospholipase A2
Lyso-PAF
PAF - 74What is the function of PAF?- Activate platelets and acts on several other cell types
- Stimulate TXA2 production by platelets
- Vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, activation of leukocytes, activation and aggregation of platelets, bronchial constriction - 75Give an example of a PAF receptor antagonist.Lexipafant
(Rupatadine is a PAF and H1 receptor antagonist) - 76What is the main source and main effect of histamine?MS: mast cells, basophils
ME: Vasodilation, increase vascular permeability - 77What is the main source and main effect of Prostaglandins?MS: mast cells, leukocytes
ME: Vasodilation, pain, fever - 78What is the main source and main effect of leukotrienes?MS: mast cells, leukocytes
ME: increase vascular permeability, leukocyte activation and chemotaxis - 79What is the main source and main effect of PAF?MS: Leukocytes, mast cells
ME: Vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, leukocyte activation and chemotaxis - 80What is the main source and main effect of nitric oxide?MS: Macrophages, endothelium
ME: Vasodilation, increase vascular permeability - 81What is the main source and main effect of Interleukins?MS: Mast cells, marcophages
ME: coordinate inflammatory response - 82What is the main source and main effect of Chemokines?MS: mast cells, leukocytes
ME: leukocyte activation and chemotaxis - 83What is the main source and main effect of Bradykinin/kallidin?MS: Plasma
ME: increase vascular permeability, pain, vasodilation - 84What is the main source and main effect of anti-inflammatory interleukins?MS: leukocytes, macrophages
ME: Suppress expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, promote healing - 85What is the main source and main effect of Thromboxane A2?MS: platelets
ME: platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction
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- Beschreibung
- 2. Pharmacology and therapeutics AD1 (Anti-inflammatories SF) Karteikarten am Inflammation 2, erstellt von Rachael Jones am 28/10/2016.
- Erstellt von
- Rachael Jones · Okt 2016
- Aktualisiert
- 7 Jan 2017
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- 1
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