GoConqr hat ein neues Design! Sag uns, wie es dir gefällt.

Kostenlos registrieren

Karteikarten

Motor Learning Midterm 1

Corey Scott Englisch 112 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (112)

  1. 13 Organizing Principles of the Brain1. Localization of Function
    2. Lateralization of Function
    3. Topographic representation
  2. 2What is the hippocampus associated with?Memory
  3. 3Difference between Nucleus and GangliaNucleus is located inside the spinal cord, where as ganglia are located outside the spinal cord
  4. 4Which brain structure is associated with Motor Learning?Cerebellum
  5. 52 subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous systemSomatic and Autonomic
  6. 6Which 3 brain structures make up the brain stem?Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
  7. 7What is the most superior region of the Brain Stem?Midbrain
  8. 8What is an association area?Integrates diverse information for purposeful action and are responsible for perception, movement, and motivation
  9. 94 Lobes of the brainFrontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe
  10. 10What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?Vision
  11. 11What is the Temporal Lobe responsible for? (5)Hearing, Smell, Taste, Visual Perception, Speech
  12. 12What is the Parietal Lobe responsible for?Bodily Sensation, Spatial Processing
  13. 13What is the Frontal Lobe responsible for? (3)Movement, Planning, Reasoning
  14. 144 Regions of a NeuronDendrites, Cell Body, Axon, Presynaptic Boutons
  15. 153 Types of NeuronsSensory, Motor, Interneuron
  16. 16What are Sensory neurons also called?Afferent Neurons
  17. 17What do each end of a spinal cord connect to?One end connects to the periphery, and another to the CNS via the spinal cord
  18. 18Which type of Neuron is located in the ventral horn?Motor Neurons
  19. 19Which Neuron is known as the final common pathway?Motor Neurons
  20. 20Function of InterneuronsReceive multiple inputs, integrates these inputs, and pass on the signal to divergent locations (middle man), vastly outnumber sensory and motor neurons
  21. 21Which horn do afferent sensory information travel through?Dorsal Horn
  22. 22Where are Alpha motor neurons located?Ventral Horn
  23. 23What muscles does the medial portion of the ventral horn innervate?Medial musculature, such as shoulders and hips.
  24. 24What muscles do the distal area of the ventral horn innervate?Distal musculature such as arms, forearms, and lower leg
  25. 25What are the ventral and dorsal regions of the ventral horn innervate respectively?Extensors, Flexors
  26. 26What muscles do the axial region of the ventral horn innervate?Anything along the midline, Abs
  27. 27When does bilateral cross over occur?At the level of the brain
  28. 28What would be a more devastating injury? One to the grey matter, or one to the white matter?White matter, because this is the means in which all signals travel and would shut down everything locally and past. Grey matter only affects locally
  29. 29How do inhibitory synapses affect the membrane potential?Hyperpolarize
  30. 30Where is Cl- located in membrane potential?Outside the cell
  31. 31Are Glia cells exciteable?No
  32. 32Difference between Spatial and Temporal summation?Spatial summation is inputs from many spots innervated into one action potential, and temporal is many small imputs that add up into an action potential
  33. 33Convergence vs DivergenceConvergence is many to one, Divergence is one to many
  34. 34What is reuptake?Neurotransmitters destroyed or taken back to the axonal terminal that released it
  35. 35How do drugs affect post synaptic potential?They inhibit the reuptake
  36. 36What is the size principle?Small motor units are innervated first, and then larger ones
  37. 37What is the difference between extrafusal muscle fibres and intrafusal muscle fibres?Extrafusal muscel fibres are the ones that move and generate force, intrafusal are for proprioception and detect changes in muscle movement and length
  38. 38What is the formula for total force at a tendon?Active + Passive Tension
  39. 39What are Alpha and Gamma motor units associated with respectively?Alpha Motor units control extrafusal muscle fibres, and Gamme motor units control intrafusal muscle fibres (muscle spindles)
  40. 40Which type of proprioceptors are located in parallel with regular (extrafusal) muscle fibres?Muscle Spindles
  41. 41How does the firing rate of the action potentials change from extension to flexion of the arm?It will be fast then slow
  42. 42What types of muscle length changes do Type 1a afferent sensory neurons detect?Dynamic and static changes
  43. 43What types of muscle changes do type II afferent sensory neurons detect?Only static changes
  44. 44Pathway of a stretch reflexAction potentials travel via sensory afferent fibres to spinal cord it synapses onto onto alpha motor neuron and contracts muscle
  45. 45Do golgi tendon organs respond to passive movement of a muscle?No
  46. 46What inhibits the Ib alpha motor neuron of the same muscle?Golgi Tendon Organ
  47. 47What type of receptor measures skin deformations?Cutaneous Receptors
  48. 48What type of receptor measures extreme ranges of motion?Joint Receptors
  49. 49What is the purpose of the withdrawal reflex?To avoid injury
  50. 503 Types of Reflex responsesInvoluntary, Stereotyped, Fast-responding
  51. 51How does proprioceptive and touch information ascend to the cerebral cortex?DCML pathway
  52. 52What is the somatosensory (dcml) pathway to the brain?Receptor-dorsal column-medulla-thalamus-somatosensory cortex
  53. 53Which Brodmann's area's are within S1?Area's 1, 2, and 3
  54. 54What Brodmann's area's are responsible for muscle?Area's 2 and 3a
  55. 55Which Brodmann's area's are responsible for the skin?Area's 1 and 3b
  56. 56What is the PPC stand for and its responsibilties?Post Parietal Cortex, and it puts the senses together, it is between seeing and feeling
  57. 57Which Brodmann's area's are within the PPC?Area's 5 and 7
  58. 58What is the area of the eye that provides focus?Fovea
  59. 59Optic pathway for vision?Into the eye-down the optic nerve-throught the optic chiasm-optic tract- lateral geniculate nucleus
  60. 60Where does the alternate vision pathway go to?Superior Colliculi
  61. 61What is the superior colliculi?Controls occular motor (eye muscles)
  62. 62What is the first pathway of vision from the retina?Optic Nerve-Optic Chiasm-Optic Tract- Thalamus:LGN- Visual Cortex
  63. 63What is the secondary pathway of vision through the retina?Optic Nerve-Optic Chiasm-Optic Tract-Superior Colliculi-Brain Stem-Eye Muscles
  64. 64Difference between the Dorsal and Ventral streams of vision?Dorsal stream is for "how and "where", and Ventral Stream is for "what"
  65. 65Where in the Brain does the Dorsal Stream of Vision Travel?Parietal Cortex
  66. 66Where does the ventral stream of vision travel to in the brain?Temporal Cortex
  67. 67What is Optic Ataxia?Parietal lobe damage, problems with pointing to or grasping objects, but no problems with recognition
  68. 68What is Visual Agnosia?Temporal lobe damage, problems with recognizing or naming objects but no problems reaching or grasping
  69. 69What is involved in a motor plan of a movement?Specify a goal for the action, create the plan, initiate and execute the movement, compare expected results with the plan in line
  70. 70What are the two pathways of descending axons through the spinal cord?Lateral and Ventromedial Pathways
  71. 71Which areas of the brain have only indirect motor control?Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum
  72. 72What is the brain stem arch called?Tectum
  73. 73What do semi-circular canals measure?Acceleration of the head, tells you which way is down
  74. 74What are the three tracts within the medial brain stem pathway?Tectospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Reticulospinal tract
  75. 75What muscles does the medial brain stem pathway influence?Proximal and Axial muscles
  76. 76Where does the lateral brain stem pathway begin?Red Nucleus
  77. 77Where does the lateral brain stem pathway cross midline?At the Brain Stem
  78. 78Where do the lateral corticospinal tracts originate from? (3)Primary Motor, Pre motor, and somatosensory cortex
  79. 79Where does the lateral corticospinal tract cross over?At the pyramidal decussation
  80. 80Where does the Ventral Corticospinal Tract originate? (2)Premotor and Primary Cortex
  81. 81Where does the Ventral Corticospinal Tract cross over?Spinal Cord
  82. 82Which brain structures would be considered middle management? (4)Thalamus, Brain Stem, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum
  83. 83Function of M1, Primary Motor CortexInitiation and execution of movement, specifies how actions are to be carried out, neurons in M1 fire immediately before and during voluntary movement, this neural activity encodes two aspects of the movement: direction and force
  84. 84What is the only cortical brain area that if damaged, will lead to paralysis?Primary Motor Cortex
  85. 85What is Paresis?Slight or incomplete paralysis or often a general loss of movement
  86. 86What is hemiplegia?Complete or partial paralysis to one half of the body
  87. 87What is the function of the Premotor Cortex?Involved in planning movements, neurons fire well before the movement occurs ( as soon as the goal is set) and continue to fire during the movement, encodes what actions are desired while M1 specifies how they will be carried out
  88. 88What is different about the supplementary motor area in reference to the pre motor cortex?These movements are internally initiated, deals with learned sequences
  89. 89What are Mirror neurons?PMA neurons firing even when seeing someone do an action
  90. 90Structures of the Basal Ganglia (5)INPUT, Caudate & Putamen, OUTPUT, Globus Pallidus, REST, Substantia, & Subthalamic Nucleus
  91. 91Which parts of the basal ganglia make up the striatum?Causate and Putamen
  92. 92What does the Basal Ganglia do with the message sent from the Cerebral Cortex?The striatum either allows or inhibits the movement
  93. 93What would be considered a positive movement?Doing something your supposed to be doing
  94. 94What is a negative movement?Not doing something you're supposed to be doing
  95. 95What is the direct pathway of neural circuitry through the basal ganglia?Cortex-striatum-globus pallidus-ventral lateral thalamus-cortex
  96. 96What does the brain disinhibit in order to allow action?Globus Pallidus
  97. 97Indirect path through the basal gangliaExcited the globus pallidus therby increasing it's inhibition of the thalamus therefore suppressing unwanted movements
  98. 98Functions of the Basal Ganglia (3)Planning and control of complex movements, programs self-initiated movements, selectively activates some movements and inhibits others
  99. 99What sets the threshold on inhibitory action by the basal ganglia?Dopamine in the subthalamic nucleus
  100. 100What causes Parkinson's disease?Caused by neuron death in substantia nigra, loss of dopamine, disrupts normal modulation of BG output
  101. 101What is Bradykinesia?Abnormal slowness of movement
  102. 102What is Akinesia?Difficulty in initiating movement, muscel rigidity, constant, or "resting" tremor (too much inhibition)
  103. 103Symptoms of Huntingtons DiseaseChorea (large, uncontrollable movements), hyperkinesia (an excess of movements), athetosis (writhing hands), NOT ENOUGH INHIBITION) for unwanted movements
  104. 104Function of CerebellumRegulates movement & posture indirectly by adjusting output of major descending motor systems- No direct connections to Motor Neurons
  105. 105Cerebellum's role in Voluntary movement (3)Timing device, coordination, comparator
  106. 106Dysfunctions of the cerebellum (4)Hypotonia, Dysmetria, Intention tremor, Ataxia
  107. 1073 Lobes of the cerebellumAnterior, Posterior, Flocculonodular lobes
  108. 108Which part of the cerebellum is associated with motor execution?Spinocerebellum
  109. 109Which part of the brain is involved with declarative memory?Hippocampus
  110. 110What areas are involved with procedural memory?Motor Cortical regions, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum
  111. 111What are the types of motor learning?Adaptation, Skill acquisition, conditioned-associative, non-associative
  112. 112—

Informationen

Beschreibung
Karteikarten am Motor Learning Midterm 1, erstellt von Corey Scott am 30/10/2016.
Erstellt von
Corey Scott
Aufrufe
2
Bewertung

Feedback

Worum geht es?

Wie gefällt dir das neue Design?

Dein Eindruck