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Macroeconomics - Chapter 26

yaeguma Englisch 52 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (52)

  1. 1Quantity of Real GDP Suppliedthe total quantity that firms plan to produce during a given period
  2. 2Aggregate Supplythe real relationship between the quantity of real GDP supplied and the price level
  3. 3Long-Run Aggregate Supplyperiod of time when wages, prices of other factors of production, potential GDP can vary
  4. 4Short-Run Aggregate Supplyperiod of time when wages, prices of other factors of production, potential GDP are fixed
  5. 5Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS)the relationship between the quantity of real GDP supplied and the price level when the money wage rate, the prices of other resources and potential GDP remain constant
  6. 6Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS)the relationship between the quantity of real GDP supplied and the price level when wages and prices of other inputs are variable, and real GDP = potential GDP
  7. 7In the long run, real GDP ______ potential GDPIn the long run, real GDP = potential GDP
  8. 8Why does aggregate supply equal potential GDP in the long run?• If GDP is greater than potential GDP, you must hire the structurally/frictionally unemployed or make people work overtime
    • Cannot sustain this without paying higher wages
    • Wages will drift up, firms will start to produce less
  9. 9When potential GDP increases, both the LRAS and the SRAS curves shift _______When potential GDP increases, both the LRAS and the SRAS curves shift rightward
  10. 10If the full-employment quantity of labour changes, the quantity of capital (physical or human) changes, or technology advances, the LRAS and SRAS curves shift ________If the full-employment quantity of labour changes, the quantity of capital (physical or human) changes, or technology advances, the LRAS and SRAS curves shift rightward
  11. 11if there is a rise in the wage rate, the LRAS and SRAS curves shift ________if there is a rise in the wage rate, SRAS curve shift leftward and there is no effect on the LRAS curve
  12. 12Quantity of real GDP demanded (Y)the total amount of final goods and services produced in a country that people, businesses, governments, and foreigners plan to buy
  13. 13Aggregate demand curve (AD)the relationship between the quantity of real GDP demanded and the price level
  14. 14The AD curve slopes downward for two main reasons• Wealth effects
    • Substitution effects
  15. 15Wealth Effect• If prices increase, other things equal, real wealth falls (value of money, stocks, etc.)
    • To restore real wealth, people increase saving and decrease spending
    • The quantity of real GDP demanded decreases
  16. 16Intertemporal substitution effect• A rise in the price level decreases the value of money and raises interest rates
    o At higher prices, people need more money
    o An increase in money demand increases its price
    o Higher interest rates increase saving, reduce spending
    • A fall in the price level increases the real value of money and lowers the interest rate
  17. 17International substitution effect• A rise in the price level increases the price of domestic goods relative to foreign goods
    o We view imports as relatively cheaper
    o Foreigners view our exports are relatively more expensive
    o Imports increase and exports decrease, which decreases the quantity of real GDP demanded
    • The reverse happens for a fall in the price level
  18. 18Aggregate Demand Curvethe set of equilibrium points from the short-run Keynesian model at various price levels
  19. 19The main influences on aggregate demand are• Expectations
    • Fiscal policy and monetary policy
    • The world economy
  20. 20Expectations• Increases in expected future income increase people’s consumption today and increases aggregate demand
    • A rise in the expected inflations rate makes buying goods cheaper today and increase aggregate demand
    • An increase in expected future profits boots firms’ investment, which increases aggregate demand
  21. 21Fiscal Policythe government’s attempt to influence the economy by setting and changing taxes, making transfer payments, and purchasing goods and services
  22. 22Monetary Policychanges in interest rates and the quantity of money in the economy
  23. 23Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy• A tax cut or an increase in transfer payments increases households’ disposable income
    • An increase in disposable income increases consumption expenditure and increases aggregate demand
    • Government expenditure on goods and services is one component of aggregate demand
    o An increase in government expenditure increases aggregate demand
    • An increase in the quantity of money reduces interest rates
    • A cut in interest rates increases expenditure and increases aggregate demand
  24. 24The World Economy1. A fall in the foreign exchange rate (price of $CAD in terms of foreign currency) lowers the price of domestic goods and services relative to foreign goods and services
    a. Increases exports, decreases imports, and increases aggregate demand
    2. An increase in foreign income increases the demand for Canadian exports and increases aggregate demand
  25. 25An increase in Aggregate Demand shifts the curve _____An increase in Aggregate Demand shifts the curve right
  26. 26Aggregate Demand Increases Ifo Expected future income, inflation, or profit increases
    o Fiscal policy increases government expenditure, decreases taxes, or increases transfer payments
    o Monetary policy increases the quantity of money and decreases interest rates
    o The exchange rate decrease or foreign income increases
  27. 27An decrease in Aggregate Demand shifts the curve _____An decrease in Aggregate Demand shifts the curve left
  28. 28Aggregate Demand Decreases Ifo Expected future income, inflation, or profits decreases
    o Fiscal policy decreases government expenditure, increases taxes, or decreases transfer payments
    o Monetary policy decreases the quantity of money and increases interest rates
    o The exchange rates increases or foreign income decreases
  29. 29Short-Run Macroeconomic Equilibriumoccurs when the quantity of real GDP demanded equals the quantity of real GDP supplied at the point of intersection of the AD curve and the SRAS curve
  30. 30If real GDP is below equilibrium GDP, firms ______ production and _____ pricesIf real GDP is below equilibrium GDP, firms increase production and raise prices
  31. 31If real GDP is above equilibrium GDP, firms ______ production and _______ pricesIf real GDP is above equilibrium GDP, firms decrease production and lower prices
  32. 32In short-run equilibrium, real GDP can be ______ potential GDPIn short-run equilibrium, real GDP can be greater than or less than potential GDP
  33. 33Long-Run Macroeconomic Equilibriumoccurs when real GDP equals potential GDP – when the economy is on its LRAS curve
  34. 34Long-run equilibrium occurs at the _____ of the AD, SRAS, and LRAS curvesLong-run equilibrium occurs at the intersection of the AD, SRAS, and LRAS curves
  35. 35If the quantity of labour grows, capital is accumulated, or technology advances, potential GDP increases. The LRAS curve shifts ______. GDP ______ and prices ______If the quantity of labour grows, capital is accumulated, or technology advances, potential GDP increases. The LRAS curve shifts rightward. GDP increases and prices decline
  36. 36Inflation in the Long-RunOccurs when AD grows faster than potential output
  37. 37The Business Cycle in the AS-AD Modeloccurs because aggregate demand the short-run aggregate supply fluctuate, but the money wage does not change rapidly enough to keep real GDP at potential GDP
  38. 38Below Full-Employment Equilibriuman equilibrium in which potential GDP exceeds real GDP
  39. 39Above Full-Employment Equilibriuman equilibrium in which real GDP exceeds potential GDP
  40. 40Full-Employment Equilibriuman equilibrium in which real GDP equals potential GDP
  41. 41Recessionary GapThe amount by which potential GDP exceeds real GDP
  42. 42Inflationary GapThe amount by which real GDP exceeds potential GDP
  43. 43An increase in aggregate demand shifts the aggregate demand curve ______An increase in aggregate demand shifts the aggregate demand curve rightward
  44. 44An increase in investment shifts the AE curve ______ and shifts the AD curve _____An increase in investment shifts the AE curve upward and shifts the AD curve rightward
  45. 45When the price level rises, the AE curve shifts ______When the price level rises, the AE curve shifts downward
  46. 46At the short-run equilibrium, there is an __________ gapAt the short-run equilibrium, there is an inflationary gap
  47. 47In the long run, the multiplier is ______In the long run, the multiplier is 0
  48. 48A rise in the price level causes the SRAS curve to shift ______. Real GDP ______ and the price level ______ . This is called _______A rise in the price level causes the SRAS curve to shift leftward. Real GDP decreases and the price level rises. This is called stagflation
  49. 493 Macroeconomic Schools of Thought1. Classical
    2. Keynesian
    3. Monetarist
  50. 50The Classical Viewbelieves that the economy is self-regulating and always at full-employment
  51. 51The Keynesian Viewbelieves that left alone, the economy would rarely operate at full employment and that to achieve and maintain full employment, active help from fiscal policy and monetary policy is required
  52. 52The Monetarist Viewbelieves that the economy is self-regulating and that it will normally operate at full employment, provided that monetary policy is not erratic and that the pace of money growth is kept steady

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Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand
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yaeguma
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