Karteikarten
Ohne Titel
Karten in diesem Stapel (56)
- 1Topic 1 - prehistoryprehistory is the time before written records
- 2Background Information Prehistoric man lived in nomadic lives
They were hunter-gathers, they didn’t grow crops
They left no written records, historians rely on archaeological evidence which may be hard to interpret
One way round the problem of evidence for prehistoric medicine is to study people who, until very
recently, lived in a similar way to prehistoric man. For example, Australian aborigines and Plains Indians - 3What did prehistoric people die from? Warfare
Pregnancy and childbirth
Infection
Famine and food shortages - 4Using aboriginal cultures to find out about prehistoric medicine Attitudes and practises of modern aborigines are used in guessing what ancient people did.
Some modern aboriginal medicine combines basic practical methods like settle broken bones and
bandaging with spiritual explanations of illness and cure.
Witch doctors, shamans and medicine men are credited with the ability to cure and inflict illness.
Warding off evil is practised as well as driving off the evil. Rituals are often involved. Rituals involved
herbs, potions and techniques of practical value – but seen as magic rather than medicine. - 5Natural Beliefs and Treatments Trephining is the cutting of holes in people’s heads. Skulls show that people survived the operation
because the bone continued to grow afterwards. It may have been to allow evil spirits out or to grant
special powers of communication with the spirit world.
There were two types of healers, Medicine Men and women. Medicine Men were important people in
prehistoric tribes, as they could deal with spirits.
Women were in charge of everyday health and knew about the healing power of herbs. For every day
ailments and injuries with an obvious cause, they had a range of simple, effective remedies based on
observation and common sense. - 6Supernatural Beliefs and Treatments Prehistoric people thought that everyone own their own spirit and these explained why you became ill.
You may feel ill if your spirit had been removed from your body or if an evil spirit had entered your body
whilst you were sleeping.
Prehistoric man wore lucky charms to keep away evil spirits and to stay free from disease.
If you became ill, Medicine Men would try to find your stolen spirit by hunting for the pointing stick which
removed your spirit. When they found it, they would throw it into water to set the spirit free. - 7Topic 2 - Ancient EgyptTopic 2 - Ancient Egypt
- 8Ancient Egyptian Society The Egyptian civilisation was an agricultural one that spread in a narrow band along the River Nile. Every
year the Nile floods fertilised the fields and the river provided water for irrigation.
Successful agriculture provided spare food so more people were doctors, priests and other professionals.
More trade and communication – ships imported new herbs and plants, which were used as medicines.
The Egyptians had writing – ideas could be recorded and communicated better than previously. - 9Natural Beliefs and Treatments The River Nile led some to suggest that, like the Nile and irrigation systems, the body was full of channels.
They thought that you became ill if the channels of your body were blocked.
They used purging, vomiting and blood-letting to unblock the channels when someone became unwell.
These ideas weren’t accepted by all and those who believed them did not abandon spiritual treatments.
The Egyptians also knew diet was important – medical procedures included recommended foods. - 10Supernatural Beliefs and Treatments The Egyptians believed that Gods could cure and cause disease.
Priests kept books which contained accepted treatments and spells. The instructions were exact as to
what should be done, what medicines given and what words should be used when talking to the patient.
Some drugs used, including opium, are used today. They were probably thought of as driving away evil. - 11Supernatural Beliefs – Mummification of Dead Bodies Egyptians believed the body was needed in the afterlife. They preserved bodies through mummification.
They prepared bodies for mummification by extracting soft organs such as the brain and the intestines,
then drying what remained with salt. This gave the Egyptians some knowledge of anatomy.
They believed that destroying someone’s body meant that they wouldn’t go to the afterlife, so
experimental dissection was not allowed. This limited the amount of knowledge that could be gained.
Egyptian papyrus has been found that outlines some simple surgical procedures. Carvings in temples have
also been found which show a variety of surgical instruments. - 12Observation and Writings The Egyptians were the first to have doctors. Egyptian doctors actually looked at their patients.
Diagnosis means the observation of a patient and the recognition of their symptoms.
Egyptian writings survive that demonstrate that they included diagnosis in their medical rituals. - 13Ancient Egyptian Hygiene Cleanliness was valued. They bathed, shaved their heads and had toilets. They also changed their clothes
regularly. Egyptian toilets have also been found. In the Egyptian climate this would have made life more comfortable, but hygiene also appears to have had
a religious significance – priests washed more often than others. - 14What was new?There were specialist doctors.
Doctors looked for logical causes of disease and
could identify some parts of the body.
New herbs were used as medicines.
Metal instruments were used for surgery. - 15What stayed the same?People still had supernatural beliefs, they believed
that Gods and spirits caused disease.
People still did not understand how the body worked.
People still did not understand what causes disease . - 16TOPIC 3 – ANCIENT GREECETOPIC 3 – ANCIENT GREECE
- 17Background Information Grew more than enough food and traded with many other Mediterranean countries.
They used slaves which gave the Greeks time to educate themselves.
Wartime wounds needed treatments and doctors learn about anatomy.
Wealthier people could employ doctors.
Improvements in the strength of materials helped to make better surgical instruments. - 18Natural Beliefs and Treatments – The Theory of the Four Humours Aristotle suggested the body was made up of four humours – blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
These were linked to the four seasons and the four elements. They need to be in balance for good health.
Treatments developed from the theory aimed at bringing humours into balance. You could get rid of an
excess humour by purging, vomiting or blood-letting. - 19Natural Beliefs and Treatments – HippocratesHippocrates is acknowledged as the father of modern medicine. He was born on the island of Kos.
He believed in natural causes of disease, and encouraged doctors to treat illness using natural methods.
The Hippocratic Oath is a promise made by doctors to obey rules of behaviour in their professional lives.
Doctors still take the Hippocratic Oath today!
The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of medical books, some written by Hippocrates or his followers.
Hippocrates also came up with the “clinical method of observation” which doctors still use today. This
involves studying a patient’s symptoms to diagnose their illness and then treating them. - 20Healthy Living The Ancient Greeks believed that to be healthy they needed to exercise.
Hygiene was important, with emphasis placed on washing.
Diet was also thought to be important. Many Ancient Greeks followed a diet that changed with the
seasons – eating lots in winter, but drinking little – while in the summer drinking more and eating less. - 21Supernatural Beliefs and Treatments – The Greek God of Healing, Asclepios Temples were called Asclepions and people went there to stay when they became ill.
Visitors bathed and relaxed, prayed to Asclepios and sleep in a building called an abaton. An abaton was a
building with a roof but no walls. Whilst sleeping a god came come to them in a dream and cured them.
Priests also did “ward rounds”, performing rituals which involved placing snakes on the patients.
Success stories were recorded in inscriptions on the walls of the Asclepions.
Asclepios’ daughters, Hygeia and Panacea, were also involved in healing. - 22Alexandria and Dissection The library of Alexandria attempted to collect all the knowledge of the world.
Unlike in the rest of Ancient Greece human dissection was allowed in Alexandria.
Alexandria became famous for training medics and surgeons. Accurate observation was the key to much of
the advancement made there. Doctors from Alexandria went to practise all over the world.
Erasistratus identified the differences between arteries, veins and nerves and saw that nerves were not
hollow and so couldn’t be vessels for fluid. - 23Surgery The mechanics of surgery advanced slightly in Ancient Greece. Although it was still a risky procedure.
Ancient Greeks used surgery as a last resort – most treatments were performed outside the body.
Surgeons developed good techniques for setting broken bones and in extreme cases would amputate.
A range of surgical instruments were developed, made from iron, steel and brass. - 24TOPIC 4 – ANCIENT ROMETOPIC 4 – ANCIENT ROME
- 25Connections in Greek and Roman Medicine Greek doctors, they were unpopular because they were foreign and some were jealous of their skills.
The main medical books in Rome were written by Hippocrates and his followers who were all Greek
The Romans took over universities and libraries at Alexandria, it was the centre of medical learning. - 26Background Information Romans were very wealthy.
People of the Roman Empire were taxed.
It was a slave owning society. - 27Public Health Noticed that bad smells, unclean drinking water, sewage, swamps and dirt made people become ill.
They build aqueducts to carry clean water into cities.
They also built public baths, toilets and sewers to remove waste.
Ideas about public health spread around their huge empire. - 28Claudius Galen – He wrote 60 medical books! Galen was a Greek physician. Like Hippocrates, he believed that illness was caused by imbalances of the
four humours. Just as Hippocrates did, he told doctors to observe patients carefully and record symptoms.
He developed the idea of opposite humours for counter-balancing the body’s humours.
Galen discovered that the brain, not the heart, controls the speech.
He found that the arteries, as well as veins, carry blood through the body.
Proved that animal’s anatomy is different from humans. - 29HOWEVER… Galen made mistakes because he had to use only animals.
He said there were holes in the septum of the heart which would let blood pass from right to the left side.
Galen also believed that the blood was consumed rather than circulated. - 30Beliefs and Treatments Romans were not as interested as the Greeks in developing theories about the causes of disease.
Doctors recommended more exercise, changes in diet or prescribed herbal medicines as opposites.
Doctors were too expensive for most people. The head of the family was expected to look after their
household. They would use herbal remedies and common sense methods. - 31Surgery The most common surgical treatment was bleeding.
Internal operations were still rare because they were too risky.
There were amputations; trephining was used to relieve pain in the head. - 32Summary of Roman Medicinechanges and continuities
- 33Changes Good harvests, better houses, more food
Trained doctors in the army and towns
Wider range of herbal medicines
Fresh water supplies, sewers and baths - 34Continuities Diseases could not be stopped from spreading
Women treated most health problems, often
using herbal remedies and common sense
The poor did not benefit from the new public
health schemes - 35TOPIC 5 – MEDIEVALTOPIC 5 – MEDIEVAL
- 36Background Information Wars destroyed the Roman public health systems and medical libraries.
The rulers of the small kingdoms built up armies rather than improving medical skills or public health.
War disrupted trade so countries became poorer.
Travel became more dangerous, reducing the communication between doctors.
Training of doctors was abandoned. Copies of Galen’s books were either lost, or hidden away for safety. - 37HOWEVER, LATER… The church had set up universities where doctors could be trained.
Armies took trained doctors to war with them where they gained experience as surgeons.
Rulers were taken to clean up towns.
Merchants and scholars were once again travelling around Europe, sharing ideas - 38Beliefs and Treatments Romans were not as interested as the Greeks in developing theories about the causes of disease.
Doctors recommended more exercise, changes in diet or prescribed herbal medicines as opposites.
Doctors were too expensive for most people. The head of the family was expected to look after their
household. They would use herbal remedies and common sense methods. - 39Surgery The most common surgical treatment was bleeding.
Internal operations were still rare because they were too risky.
There were amputations; trephining was used to relieve pain in the head. - 40Summary of Roman MedicineChanges and Continuities
- 41Changes Good harvests, better houses, more food
Trained doctors in the army and towns
Wider range of herbal medicines
Fresh water supplies, sewers and baths - 42Continuities Diseases could not be stopped from spreading
Women treated most health problems, often
using herbal remedies and common sense
The poor did not benefit from the new public
health schemes - 43TOPIC 5 – MEDIEVALTOPIC 5 – MEDIEVAL
- 44Background Information Wars destroyed the Roman public health systems and medical libraries.
The rulers of the small kingdoms built up armies rather than improving medical skills or public health.
War disrupted trade so countries became poorer.
Travel became more dangerous, reducing the communication between doctors.
Training of doctors was abandoned. Copies of Galen’s books were either lost, or hidden away for safety. - 45HOWEVER, LATER… The church had set up universities where doctors could be trained.
Armies took trained doctors to war with them where they gained experience as surgeons.
Rulers were taken to clean up towns.
Merchants and scholars were once again travelling around Europe, sharing ideas - 46Influence of the Christian Church The Christian Church grew stronger in the Middle Ages.
Monasteries controlled education, priests and monks were the only people who could read. The Church
opened medical schools where the ideas of Galen were taught.
The only libraries were in monasteries, church sometimes banned books they did not want people to read.
Monasteries made an effort to provide clean running water and toilets. - 47Medieval Hospitals Medical care for the poor came from hospitals set up by monasteries, and run by monks and nuns.
They provided “hospitality” for visitors.
Genuinely ill people were often turned away due to fear of disease spreading. - 48The Return of Hippocrates and GalenGalen’s ideas were rediscovered. Church leaders looked carefully at Galen’s works and decided that they
fitted in with Christian ideas because he referred to “the creator” in his works.
Doctors in the believed his ideas were correct and it was nearly impossible to improve his work.
Galen had great influence on the doctors in the Arabic world and in medieval Christian Europe
Medical schools began to appear in Western Europe, starting with the one in Salerno, Italy. Translations of
Galen’s and Hippocrates’ work were accepted as absolute truth in medical schools. - 49Arab Medicine – Islamic scholars picked up and developed ideas from the Greeks whom they greatly admired. Aristotle’s four humours, Galen’s treatment by opposites and Hippocrates’ clinical observation lived on.
Books were written that brought together the ideas of Aristotle, Galen and Hippocrates. These books were
important means by which these ideas got back to Western Europe.
The attitude of Muslims towards the Koran meant that they were unwilling to criticise the works of Galen. - 50The Four Humours Theory Medieval doctors believed illness was caused by an imbalance of the four humours.
The theory developed into a more complex system, based on the position of the stars.
Although human dissection was carried out in medical schools, findings were interpreted as the theory of
the four humours – although some later doctors began to challenge traditional understandings. - 51New Developments in Medieval Medicine More schools sprang up and human dissection was allowed. There were some doubts about classical texts.
New techniques included diagnosis by urine sample. This is a good aid to diagnosis, which is done today!
Doctors also believed the stars caused disease and relied on astrology when deciding on treatments
Trained doctors were very expensive. Medicine practised amongst the most was provided by monasteries
and housewife-physicians, using traditional cures and their experience. - 52Supernatural Beliefs and Treatments The church believed that illness was a punishment for sins – they prayed to god if they became ill.
Some believed that pilgrimages to holy shrines could cure illness.
Doctors had superstitious beliefs, saying magical words when treating patients and consulting stars. - 53Developments in Surgery In the Middle Ages, there was great demand for surgery because of warfare.
Surgery was held in such low regard that many procedures were often left to untrained barber-surgeons.
Wine was first used as an antiseptic.
Surgical treatments were still simple, as major surgery was risky. - 54Public Health Measures Towns lacked the public health schemes of the Romans.
People relied on cesspits and wells. Waste was frequently disposed of into the street.
People found it healthier to drink beer, than to drink water. - 55The Black Death – 1348 Spread by coughs and sneezes or by black rat flea bites – black rats were carried overseas by ships.
Arrived in Britain in 1348. Its victims were struck down suddenly and most died.
Symptoms included exhaustion, high temperatures, swellings and difficulty breathing.
Ships were made to wait 40 days before landing – they were quarantined. - 56What did people think caused the plague and how did they treat it? Miasma – carried sweet smelling herbs, sat between two large fires.
God – tried to appease god by praying, or becoming flagellants (whipping themselves as a punishment).
Humours out of balance – use of opposites, purging, vomiting and blood letting.
Poisoned water – blamed the Jews.
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von safiyah.08sh am 09/04/2014.
- Erstellt von
- safiyah.08sh
- Aufrufe
- 9
- Bewertung