Karteikarten
MS (Exam 4)
Karten in diesem Stapel (100)
- 1What is the most common cause of lameness?Subsolar abscess
- 2What are subsolar abscesses?Superficial infection of the corium (dermis) of the sole, resulting in separation of the cornified and noncornified tissues. These are closed cavity infections but may break open and drain at the coronary band ("gravel") or bulbs of the heel. Most common cause of lameness in the horse.
- 3How can horses get solar abscesses?Can happen through dirt and debris migrating up
Horse can step on something that punctures
Iatrogenic. Horse-shoe. There is a risk associated with driving nails because we drive it by the white line.
By far away, microbes going up is most common cause. - 4What is the #1 cause of subsolar abscess?1. Migration of dirt and bacteria up and through the “white line” (#1 cause). Superficial infection of the dermis occurs when microbes reach the dermis.
- 5What is the white line?The junction between the sole and the wall is known as the white line.
- 6What is the etiology of subsolar abscess?Etiology
*migration of dirt/bacteria up the “white line”
superficial puncture wounds
horseshoe nails
(From notes: 1. Migration of dirt and bacteria up and through the “white line” (#1 cause). Superficial infection of the dermis occurs when microbes reach the dermis. Predisposing causes include:
• cyclic wet/dry conditions weaken the white line and makes migration easier.
• poor hoof care (failure to pick out feet, long feet, hoof cracks, etc.).
• "seedy toe” (weakness of the white line secondary to laminitis).
2. Superficial puncture wounds (punctures that breach the epidermal sole – nails, rocks, etc.).
3. Horseshoe nails.
• nail driven directly into the dermis (”quicked”).
• "close nail" – nail driven too close to the dermis. Allows migrating microorganisms close proximity to the dermis. Variable lag phase between shoeing and clinical signs.
• old nail holes -- allows migrating microorganisms close proximity to the dermis. Variable lag phase between shoeing and clinical signs. - 7What are some predisposing factors to subsolar abscess?• cyclic wet/dry conditions weaken the white line and makes migration easier.
• poor hoof care (failure to pick out feet, long feet, hoof cracks, etc.).
• "seedy toe” (weakness of the white line secondary to laminitis). - 8What is a classic presentation of subsolar abscess?When take digital pulse and it’s bounding and strong. Foot down there is going to be warm and hot.
Horse is abscess lame. Just toe touch.
This is the most classic presentation. To be this lame, are usually pretty advanced.
By far away, when horse lame at the walk, this is most common cause (solar abscesses)
Check pulse, check heat. What else? Probably just flex and bend to make sure no other problems/fractures. - 9Why do we open foot at bottom for subsolar abscess?Typically if we can get to them sooner, can provide relief much sooner than waiting for them to break open. Depends on the horse, though. Risk of leaving infection waiting? Could become a worse problem. If goes deeper into dermis, could affect coffin bone (Osteomyelitis)
- 10How would you differentiate between a sole bruise and an abscess?How would differentiate sole bruise and abscess? Could present very similar. Might localize it to an area and when look with hoof knife, might not see a tract.
Sometimes, say will leave alone overnight and will come back and often, when come back, will see it worse. Bruise gets better. Radiograph.
Give them the choices and let them make the decision. - 11What are the clinical signs of subsolar abscess?Mild lameness - severe lameness (“abscess lame”).
2. Strong digital pulse in affected limb.
± pain at coronary band or heels.
6. ± drainage at coronary band or heels.
7. ± swelling of pastern region. - 12How would you diagnosis solar abscess?Mild lameness - severe lameness (“abscess lame”).
2. Strong digital pulse in affected limb.
3. Use hoof testers to localize area.
4. Careful exam of white line and sole will reveal “black tracts”. Explore the appropriate/suspicious “black tract” to its depth (it will either “pare out” or lead to the abscess).
5. ± pain at coronary band or heels.
6. ± drainage at coronary band or heels.
7. ± swelling of pastern region.
8. Must differentiate from bruises, coffin bone fractures, deep puncture wounds, and laminitis. - 13What is the treatment for solar abcesses?Clean the foot thoroughly (with a hoof pick, wire brush, hoof knife and rasp) before opening the abscess.
2. Open the abscess to provide adequate drainage (do not injure the dermis!).
3. Findings may include: dirt-like material penetrating to sensitive tissue (no pus), watery black pus (most common), or yellow pus.
4. The affected foot should be soaked in a warm epsom salt solution (2 cups per gallon H20) for 15-30 minutes, 1X daily for 3 - 5 days, followed by bandaging (between soaks) in an antiseptic dressing (eg., Furacin,® Betadine®). The bandage can be water proofed with duct tape or a plastic/rubber hoof boot.
5. The horse should then be maintained in a clean, dry bandage without soaking for an additional 3 – 5 days (to insure that the problem has completely resolved).
6. Healing may then continue under a padded horseshoe. Before application of the shoe and pad, the solar surface of the foot should be packed with an antiseptic barrier type dressing.
7. Throughout treatment (bandaging and soaking), the horse should be maintained in a clean, dry stall.
8. Tetanus prophylaxis (don’t forget!).
9. Phenylbutazone (judicious use …..). - 14After opening the abscess, what is the most common thing to see?Watery black pus
- 15For solar abscess, how would you make the solution to soak foot?2 cups of epson salt for every gallon of warm water. Soak for 15-30 minutes, 1x daily for 3-5 days.
- 16When have solar abscess, what should you ask owner about horse vaccinations status?Tetanus vaccination!
- 17Should you use phenlbutazone for solar abcess?Should use it judiciously!!
- 18What would be a deep puncture wound (to horse foot)?Includes punctures through the dermis (corium) and into deeper structures such as the distal phalanx, digital cushion, deep digital flexor tendon, navicular bursa, navicular bone, and distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ).
- 19What are sequeles to deep puncture wounds in the foot?Sequelae may include osteomyelitis (distal phalanx and/or navicular bone), fracture (distal phalanx or navicular bone), cellulitis, septic navicular bursitis, septic tenosynovitis, and septic arthritis (DIPJ).
- 20True or false: Deep puncture wounds are not emergency situations.False:
Emergency situation -- direct injury and/or subsequent infection of these structures may result in loss of use of the animal. - 21For deep puncture wounds of the horse with foreign object visible, when would you radigraph ?± foreign body at the time of examination. If a foreign body is present, radiograph the foot before removal (minimum 2 views).
- 22What are clinical signs and diagnosis of deep puncture wounds?Emergency situation -- direct injury and/or subsequent infection of these structures may result in loss of use of the animal.
2. Acute severe lameness.
3. ± foreign body at the time of examination. If a foreign body is present, radiograph the foot before removal (minimum 2 views).
4. If no foreign body is present, use hoof testers to localize the puncture area. Then, thoroughly pare the sole/ frog to identify the puncture tract.
5. Use a blunt probe to determine the depth and direction of the puncture. Radiograph with the probe in place. Contrast fistulograms may also be helpful. - 23In general, how would you treat deep puncture wounds?Successful treatment depends on early diagnosis and prompt aggressive therapy. The structures involved should be determined as soon as possible (ideally within 24 to 48 hours) to give the best chance of a good outcome. If appropriate facilities for treatment are not readily available, recommend referral to a surgical facility. Delay in surgical intervention markedly decreases the possibility of a favorable outcome. Broad-spectrum systemic antimicrobial therapy and appropriate tetanus prophylaxis should be administered prior to referral.
- 24How would you treat digital cushion cellulitis?• Sharp scalpel excision of involved tissue.
• Submit samples for culture/sensitivity.
• Daily soaking/bandaging. - 25Treatment of Osteomyelitis of the distal phalanx.?• Remove abnormal bone by curettage.
• Submit samples for culture/sensitivity.
• Long - term antimicrobial therapy. - 26Treatment of digital flexor tendon/navicular bursa/navicular bone?• Remove central 2/3 of the frog by sharp excision, extending through the digital cushion to expose the deep digital flexor tendon.
• Examine the tendon surface for areas of discoloration. The affected section of tendon should be removed by sharp excision.
• This will expose the flexor surface of the navicular bone. Remove abnormal cartilage and bone by curettage.
• Submit samples for culture/sensitivity.
• Flush the navicular bursa thoroughly.
• Introduce a needle into coffin joint proximal to the coronary band. Submit a sample of joint fluid for analysis. Distend the joint with saline to determine if fluid leaks into the navicular bursa.
• Long - term antimicrobial therapy.
• Bandaging.
• Navicular Bursoscopy? - 27What is laminitis?disturbance of the connective tissue bond between the inner hoof wall and the coffin bone
blood flow to and through the foot may become compromised
associated pain may be severe and uncontrollable
disturbance of the connective tissue bond between the inner hoof wall and the coffin bone …….
disturbance may lead to separation of the coffin bone from the hoof wall - 28What are some causes of laminitis?carbohydrate overload (pasture, grain)
GI disturbances (colic, diarrhea)
septic conditions (retained placenta, pleuropeumonia)
endocrine and metabolic abnormalities (“Equine Cushings Disease”, Insulin Resistance, Obesity)
excessive unilateral weight bearing - 29What accounts for more than half of causes of laminitis?pasture laminitis accounts for 54% of identified initiating causes
- 30Grain Overload Induced Laminitis (mechanism of):excess nonstructural carbohydrate enters the large intestine
lactic acid bacteria “feeding frenzy” and population explosion ( intraluminal pH)
acidic environment kills other resident bacteria and damages the intestinal mucosal barrier
“trigger factors” (eg., endotoxins, exotoxins) enter the systemic circulation and travel to the foot
trigger factors cause “out of control” MMP activity (and dysadhesion of basal cells and basement membrane)
clinical signs depend on the amount of laminar damage - 31What are four possible sequelaes of laminar insults?no lameness or distal phalanx-hoof wall separation
lameness without distal phalanx-hoof wall separation (horse has maintained a “critical mass” of supporting lamellae)
lameness and distal “rotation” of the distal phalanx (“critical mass” of supporting laminae has been lost)
4) lameness and vertical displacement of the distal phalanx (“sinking”) - 32In laminitis, are the hind or front feet affected more?Front feet because they bear more weight (about 60% of body weight)
- 33Management of Laminitis: Emergency?laminitis is an emergency situation
the best results are obtained when treatment is instituted before clinical signs appear or as soon after as possible - 34What are goals for the management of laminitis?Goal #1
prevention - know when horses are “at risk” for developing laminitis and institute appropriate therapy
(“An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure!”)
Goal #2
relieve the weight supporting demand on the inflamed lamellae
Goal #3
control inflammation and pain
Goal #4
preserve blood flow through the laminar vasculature - 35Cryotherapy in laminitis management?Cold reduces inflammation
Sand or soft-bottom—load share.
Can markedly cause vasoconstriction—reduce blood flow and reduce delivery of trigger factors.
Also, reduce activity of MMPs. - 36Remember: Stomach rupture worry for grain overload? Retained placenta. . Mare at high risk for laminitis. RRemember
- 37What are some symptoms for fractures of the 3rd phalanx? (P3)Acute lameness (3/5)
Positive to hoof testers
Increased digital pulse
+/- Coffin joint effusion - 38What is one way to diagnose P3 fractures?Radiographs, though may not show up for 10-14 days (lysis along the fracture line)
- 39Be slightly be familiar with P3 Fracture classification.
- 40How would you treat P3 fractures? This depends on the type of fracture.Types I, II, III, V: Immobilize the hoof wall. Shoeing cast. Call surgeon?
Types II, III, IV: Lag screw but difficult
Type IV: Surgical, Removal, Lag - 41Treatment for Type 4 fracture on P3?Can do removal/surgery
- 42What is the prognosis for P3 Fractures?Types I, II: Good
Type III, IV: Guarded-Fair
Type V: Good (trauma), Guarded (Osteomyelitis),
Type VI: Excellent
Depends on: Extend of articular involvement, Presence of sepsis
May need to do PD neurectomy after complete healing
I and II (farther back on the side of foot)--do OK.
1--non articular, treat with shoe. Not part of shoe. most foals will actually have these. Very common
2--because far out on edges of articular surfaces, tend to do better than type 3, which are right in the middle of articular surface.
4--extensor process. bigger are, lower prognosis is. because of problems with extensor tendons. bigger they are, harder the repair
5--commonnuded ones? if can keep clean, will do better. if infected, prognosis goes down.
6--solar margin, down at edge of bone. Those are really simple fractures. Have a great prognosis because once get bone chip out, they heal and do really well. Like an abscess just jacked up on steroids.
Occasionally, do neurectomy to make more comfortable. Won't know if you will have to do this until horse has had time to heal.
Even though II is inatraartciuar surface--on the side.
The 3's are in the middle--so more useful and important region of weight-bearing. 4--depends on size more likely.
5--once get infected, goes downhill.
Type 6--solar margins most likely.
I and II (farther back on the side of foot)--do OK.
1--non articular, treat with shoe. Not part of shoe. most foals will actually have these. Very common
2--because far out on edges of articular surfaces, tend to do better than type 3, which are right in the middle of articular surface.
4--extensor process. bigger are, lower prognosis is. because of problems with extensor tendons. bigger they are, harder the repair
5--commonnuded ones? if can keep clean, will do better. if infected, prognosis goes down.
6--solar margin, down at edge of bone. Those are really simple fractures. Have a great prognosis because once get bone chip out, they heal and do really well. Like an abscess just jacked up on steroids.
Occasionally, do neurectomy to make more comfortable. Won't know if you will have to do this until horse has had time to heal.
Even though II is inatraartciuar surface--on the side.
The 3's are in the middle--so more useful and important region of weight-bearing. 4--depends on size more likely.
5--once get infected, goes downhill.
Type 6--solar margins most likely. - 43What is a common etiology of 2nd phalanx fractures?Sudden stops and turns on supported leg.
- 44How would you diagnose 2nd phalanx fractures?PE, Radiographs, Sudden acute lameness. Most are going to be grade 5/5.
- 45How would you apply first-aid to horse with a P2 fracture?You could use a bandage with a splint. Straighten the fetlock. Keep the fetlock from moving.
Horse walk on toe, refer!
Kimzey Splint: Metal splint that wraps around leg. What it does is the horse actually walks on the metal shoe and it transfers weight bearing to upper part of limb. Distal limb.
You can also put these horses in a cast, PVC, anything that is solid enough. Broom handle is NOT enough. 2X4.
Refer--get some place else!! - 46What are some things you can try with 2nd phalanx structures?P2--if keep fracture out of coffin joint and only in pastern joint, then can fuse the bones. Pastern joint almost an accessory joint!
May be able to use an external fixater (right picture). Purpose of external fix:: Pins that run through cannon bone and attach to metal bar. In this one, bar has a base-plate. So, when horse stands on base-plate, it transfers the weight.
NEED STABILIZATION AND REFERAL - 47What is the prognosis for 2nd phalanx fractures?For arthrodesis of PIP joint: good
For involvement of DIP joint: Guarded
Conservative management: POOR
Biggest problem with fractures like this: Prognosis--obvious. Not even pieces big enough to put screws inside. Worse the fracture is, the worst the prognosis is. All treatment you can provide--not too good. These horses need surgery.
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP)
DIP DIstal Interphalangeal joint - 48True or or False: Almost always, P1 fractures are articular fracturesTrue
- 49What may you see for a 1st phalanx fracture?acute lameness, usually saggital plane, initiates at the fetlock joint, you may have a complete or incomplete fracture, there may be the presence of communiution, and there may be some displacement:
In race horses, this is a very common fracture. This is a screw-driver fracture. Usually come up lame right after a race. Start at fetlock joint. Almost always, when see P1 fractures, are articular fractures. Incomplete--cannot see where the fracure exists the fracture. Complete--see where it starts and ends....maybe listen again? 33 mins in. - 50What first aid may you provide for a P1 Fracture?Same as P2 (Kinzey splint!!) and REFER!!!!
- 51What about P1 Fracture--severe comminution?No intact strut of bone. Internal fixation alone--poor prognosis. Transfixation cast.
- 52What is the etiology of P1 Fractures?High speed injury
- 53What are some symptoms you may see with P1 Fracture?Acute lameness (may be more subtle with incomplete fract).
Fetlock effusion - 54What is the prognosis for P1 Fractures?Prognosis (with surgery):
Excellent for:
Non-comminuted, Incomplete, Complete fracture that exits lateral cortex
Far/Guarded: Pastern joint involvement
Poor: No intact strut - 55What are the most common fractures?MC3 Fractures (Condylar fractures)
- 56For the MC3 Fractures, which fractures spiral up the bone and which ones never spiral up the bone?Medial condylar fractures spiral up the bone--they ALWAYS spiral up the bone, and lateral condylar fractures NEVER spiral up the bone.
- 57What are other kinds of MC3 fractures?Diaphyseal, Salter-Harris, other, condylar
- 58Etiology of Condylar Fractures?High speed injury
- 59Of the condylar fractures, are medial or lateral condylar more common/?Lateral condyle of forelimb is the most common
- 60What would you expect to see with condylar fractures?Acute severe lameness.
- 61What would you do first if you suspect condylar fractures?TAKE RADS!
- 62How would you describe condylar fractures of the lateral condyle?Saggittal plane, Incomplete, complete/nondisplaced, complete/displaced.
- 63Describe condylar fractures of the medial condyleshort, spiral, Y-Facture
- 64What is important to note about medial condylar fractures?There is an increased risk of catastrophic failure post-operatively, more complicated surgically, that you also need to take medial obliques!!!!!! THESE WILL SPIRAL!
- 65First aid for condylar fractures?Same as for P2 and P2. Use Kenzi splint. Ssomething to stabilize/hold still while transporting.
You could use a bandage with a splint. Straighten the fetlock. Keep the fetlock from moving.
Horse walk on toe, refer!
Kimzey Splint: Metal splint that wraps around leg. What it does is the horse actually walks on the metal shoe and it transfers weight bearing to upper part of limb. Distal limb.
You can also put these horses in a cast, PVC, anything that is solid enough. Broom handle is NOT enough. 2X4.
Refer--get some place else!! - 66How would you treat condylar fractures?Ideally, would use internal fixation.
For incomplete or non-displaced lateral condyle fractures, you can use conservation care. Good prognosis for pasture soundness. Delayed healing at articular surface.
For most part, will get fixed with lag screws. Will use internal fixation with either complete or incomplete, just screw across to repair fracture line. Can treat small ones conservatively but problem is haven't fixated that articular surface. If owners don't have money, just need to understand that horse's performance is going down because not fix joint surface. Another problem with conservative treatment...wil have little fragments? - 67What is the prognosis for condylar fractures?Good: Internal Fixation or Non-Displaced
Fair: Medial Condyle
Poor: Concurrent injury-->Sesadmoid Fracture, Comminution at joint surface (Flexed 125 AP).
Non-displaced overal--do pretty well. If see condylar fracture, will look at sesamoid bones and suspensory with ulrasound because need to ensure that there are no concurrent injuries. - 68What is treatment/required for MC3 diaphyseal fracture?Internal fixation is required.
- 69What first aid would you provide for MC3 Diaphyseal fracture?Full limb splint--stabilize joint above and below the fracture. Sole can be on the ground.
- 70What are the challenges of MC3 diaphyseal fracture?Minimal soft tissue coverage and comminution.
- 71What kind of clinical signs would you see with MC3 diaphyseal fracture?Acute lameness.
- 72If you have an open fracture, most of the time you, XXX prognosis and XXX Costhalf prognosis, double cost.
- 73What is the most common fracture of MC3? ANd where is it most common? What is the prognosis? How do we fix this?Salter-Harris Type 2 (Through the physis and metaphysis)/
Common in foals. good prognosis
Internal Fixation--Displaced, large foals.
What is downside of fracture through physis? Bone growth--because no matter what you do to repair that, you still have to bridge the physis. Salter Harris fractures can be fairly difficult in this type of management. - 74MC2 is the X splint bone, MC4 is the X splint bone. More common to see MCXXX fractures?MC2 (medial): Bears direct weight of C2, MC4 (shares weight bearing of C4 with MC3).
Mc2--more commonly will see than in MC4. Why?! When look at anatomy, the entire head of MC2 sits underneath carpal bone but only half of MC4 is underneath carpal bone. When force bears weight, more force will reverberatio traveling down medial splint bone. So, they are more prone to problems. - 75Tell me about splint bone fractures, especially in the distal 1/3 fracturesDistal 1/3 are the most common. Surgical removal recommended. Associated with suspensory branch desmitis. Which determines prognosis.
Would see insidious or acute onset of lameness. - 76What determines the prognosis for distal 1/e fracture of splint bone?Suspensory!!!!!!!!! Usually take out!
- 77What sort of first aid would you administer for splint bone fractures?Heavy bandage? Usually need referral but not on emergency (urgent). Consider antibiotics--etiology.
- 78Proximal Splint Bone Fracture are usually:Traumatic. Internal fixation is usually required--direct support of carpus. May remove MC4 in entirety. Prognosis is good to fair.
- 79Difference between proximal and lateral splint bone fracture:Distal is more common and surgical removal is recommended (again, prognosis depends on suspensory). For proximal splint bone, you can usually do internal fixation which is usually required. And may have to remove MC4 in its entirey. Prognosis is fair to good.
- 80Proximal Sesamoid Fractures:Race horses most commonly. Apical fracture most common (just the top tip of the sesamoid). Most are articular and associated with suspensory ligament desmitis (inflammation). Which does affect the prognosis. you may see acute lameness.
Purpose of sesamoid bone (proximal sesamoids) at the fetlock level: They suspend the fetlock. The suspensory ligament attaches to proximal aspect of sesamoid. Because of angle of fetlock,
Purpose is an attachment to suspend fetlock in place. Any disruption of suspensory apparatus, break down injury?
Not all fractures of sesamoids are that simple.
Biggest problem is the support that they provide--
How lame is this horse? 4/5
Physical Exam: Articular, swelling and effusion of fetlock joint. If were to block, use low 4-point in front leg and low 6-point in back leg. Most of the time, don't block these guys. Radiograph, see fracture. Since associated with suspensory, also do an ultrasound. - 81How would you treat sesamoid fractures?Arthroscopic removal (if <1/3 of bone), Repair (midbody), arthrodesis (bilateral fracture)
Prognosis: Fair to excellent - 82Arthritis: Care?Usually needs full lameness exam, conservative care usually suffices, may need arthrodesis if cannot control pain otherwise.
Steroids and but
Conservation care (non-surgical) is usually OK until no longer response to injections. - 83Coffin joint arthritis: Low Ring BoneOnce conservative management no longer works – not many options. Cannot
arthrodese this joint easily
Necessary to have good farriery to keep hoof/pastern axis in alignement and to keep
hoof balanced and correct.
41 - 84Is low or high ring-bone more painful?Low ring-bone more painful because it is a high motion joint.
- 85What are green ossletes?Thickened perarticular structures--joint capsule, etc
- 86Fetlock arthritis: OssletsDraft horses--have a high prevalence rate of ring bone. SPECIFICALLY, high ring bone. Because of their body size. If diagnosis horse with right forelimb high ringbone (big draft), what might see on gross physical exam? Pastern will be really swollen. Degree of lameness can vary.
Radiographically: Might see bone changes up high. Why would this happen? Why bone changes above joint? Where joint capsule attaches. In chronic arthrisis, capsule itself becomes fibrotic. - 87What is the prognosis for palmar metacarpal disease of the fetlock? Who gets it? What can you do?CAREER ENDING!!!!!!!!!!
Race-horses--stress remodeling.
Causes significant degeneration of cartilage on back side---not much you can do!!!! - 88OCD (Distal limb lecture)Osteochondrosis dessicans. Uncommon in distal limb. May have osseous cyst like lesions. Which could also be secondary to DJD. Look at history. Failure of endochondral ossification. Bone didn't form right.
- 89Osseous cyst like lesions:Usually will result in lameness, or if secondary to DJD – lameness is already present.
If OCD – needs treatment – debridement/inj with steroids/ other
These joints do not ‘like’ these lesions – secondary DJD usually results over time.
Cysts--easiest way to remember is that they happen on weight bearing surfaces. If look at condyle, it is a weight-bearing surface. Cartilage flaps like saw on last picture, happen on gliding surfaces. - 90Osteochondral chip fractures:Recommend surgical removal--arthroscopy. When left in situ, DJD will result. Usually a result of trauma. Rare in pastern joint.
- 91Dorsal P1 Fracture : How common? What horses affected? What clinical signs? How lame? What may be a sequela?Sport horses (any)
VERY COMMON
Joint Effusion
POSITIVE fetlock flexion
Lameness (can be mild)
Chronic Chips: Lead to DJD, decrease ROM, thickened capsule - 92Proximo-Palmar P1 Chip Fracture:May be OCD lesion, standardbreds most common, often incidental findings in survey films, removed arthroscopically. Can happen on palmar and plantar emminences.
- 93What is a keratoma ? What kinds of problems may it cause?Benign tumor. Space occupying mass. Pressure necrosis of P3 which results in lameness and recurrent abcess. eratoma: Abnormal growth from benign tumor that grows inside of hoof wall. Puts pressure on P3 and get a cool divet. Resect the hoof-wall and peel it out. Cause pressure necrosis all the way down P3!!!! Will present for chronic abcesses.
- 94Popped splints: Look like? Associated with? Cause?Focal, firm, painful swelling on splint
Associated with bench kneed conformation (MC2 affected most often)
Cause: Interosseous ligament strain, periostitis--external trauma. - 95Diagnosis for popped splints?PE, Palpation, +/- Blocks, Radiographs
- 96Treatment for Popped Splints?Rest, anti-inflammatories, rarely surgery
- 97Prognosis for Popped Splints?Good-Excellent
- 98Popped Splints: Chronic/Od SplintsStill see them, not painful to palpation, no lameness.
- 99There are many sources of lameness in horses that require referal. These are (at least for distal forelimb)Fracture, OCD, Keratoma, Chips
- 100Arthritis can be Diagnosed and Treated by:YOU!!!
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